{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:39:36Z","timestamp":1791293976364,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["98-01-28-41375."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98-01-28-41375."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Standard empirical studies are needed despite three decades of research on child sexual abuse prevention programs (CSAPPs). This study aimed to investigate the effects of CSAPP on the child\u2019s sexual safety. A multicenter, random cluster, quasi-experimental controlled survey was conducted in a 1:1 ratio in Tehran, Iran, from May to December 2019 in seventy 5- to 6-years-old children from 10 kindergartens. In groups of 7 to 8, the intervention group participated in four sessions of 45\u2009minutes of face-to-face sexual self-care training, 3 to 4\u2009days apart. The control groups received one session on accident safety. Knowledge, self-protective skills, fear, and self-disclosure were assessed respectively by the \u201cPersonal Safety Questionnaire (PSQ),\u201d \u201cWhat If Situation Test (WIST),\u201d \u201cFear Assessment Thermometer Scale (FATS),\u201d and researcher-made questions before and 8\u2009weeks after the intervention. At the baseline, children obtained 70% of knowledge and 45% of protective skills scores. After the intervention, knowledge, protective skills, and detection of \u201cappropriate requests\u201d were significantly promoted ( p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Detecting \u201cinappropriate requests\u201d did not differ; however, all quadruple skills (Say, Do, Tell, and Report) improved significantly. \u201cGirl sex\u201d and \u201cparents\u2019 education\u201d were related factors promoting children\u2019s protective skills. Sexual abuse self-disclosure was 4.2% ( n\u2009=\u20093), and one child reported child sexual abuse (CSA) only after the intervention. Despite the lack of formal education, children's basic knowledge reflects the importance of parents in preventing CSA. However, the CSAPP significantly improved children\u2019s skills and revealed one CSA case. CSAPP should not focus solely on risky scenarios because if children cannot distinguish between safe and unsafe situations, they will experience unnecessary anxiety. Even after recognizing the dangerous conditions, CSA prevention will practically fail without appropriate reactions such as escaping and reporting. CSAPP should emphasize individual rights such as body ownership and assertiveness skills and explain the \u201cdanger of known people\u201d with detailed scenarios, especially in collectivistic and traditional societies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221133306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T07:59:15Z","timestamp":1667548755000},"page":"6346-6365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Knowledge, Skills, and Self-Disclosure Following a Sexual Abuse Prevention Program Among Iranian Preschoolers: A Cluster Quasi-Experimental Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Maleki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Damghanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1706-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farnaz","family":"Farnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2012.05.001"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.05.031"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.03.008"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00084-7"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2012.726699"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205086"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.01.008"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14681810801981043"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506286879"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90026-4"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.008"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840514544125"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211001466"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605221133306","first-page":"14","volume":"1","author":"Gholamfarkhani S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sience & Education"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00223-X"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2009.07.003"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp118"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520903136"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1541872"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000188405.54425.20"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063214544332"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2019.1627687"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr24-08862605221133306","first-page":"62","volume":"9","author":"Namdari P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605221133306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn098"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr26-08862605221133306","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Omar A. 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