{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:36:55Z","timestamp":1777855015038,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent media and academic reports project rising levels of girls\u2019 violence and a narrowing gender gap. In response, the authors investigate 21st century trends in girls\u2019 violence as reported across multiple official and unofficial longitudinal sources: Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) arrest and juvenile court referral statistics; National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) victimization data; and three sources of self-reported violent offending\u2014Monitoring the Future, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, and National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Augmented Dickey-Fuller time-series tests and intuitive plot displays show much overlap in each source\u2019s portrayal of trends in girls\u2019 violence and the youth gender gap. Specifically, there is no systematic change in the gender gap for homicide, aggravated assault, nor the violent crime index. However, UCR police arrests and juvenile court referrals show a moderate female-to-male rise for simple assault during the early decades of the 21st century. This rise in official statistics is not borne out in NCVS counts based on victims\u2019 reports nor in self-reported violent-offending counts. Net-widening policy shifts and more gender-neutral enforcement have apparently elevated somewhat the arrest proneness of adolescent females for simple assault. Rather than girls having become more violent, triangulating data sources revealed a decline in both girls\u2019 and boys\u2019 violence levels, considerable similarity in their violent-offending trends, and little or no systematic change in the gender gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231169733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T06:47:42Z","timestamp":1683355662000},"page":"9818-9844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Twenty-First Century Trends in Girls\u2019 Violence and the Gender Gap: Triangulated Findings from Official and Unofficial Longitudinal Sources"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Darrell","family":"Steffensmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, Pullman, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessie","family":"Slepicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025287"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088767906288577"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/ijcjsd.v2i2.101"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605231169733","volume-title":"Offending youth: Sex, crime and justice","author":"Carrington K.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book1365"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913236"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128708330629"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479856664.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027507300802"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691218632"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2009.00154.x"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2008.00120.x"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2006.00051.x"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00973.x"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2009.00149.x"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ruso.12204"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605231169733","volume-title":"Trends in juvenile violent offending: An analysis of victim survey data","author":"Lynch J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1994.10510005","volume":"12","author":"MacKinnon J. G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Economic Statistics"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605231169733","unstructured":"Markowicz K. (2015, September 7). America\u2019s girls have a violence problem. New York Post. https:\/\/nypost.com\/2015\/09\/07\/americas-young-girls-have-a-violence-problem\/"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315163697"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605231169733","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Gender and crime: Patterns of victimization and offending","author":"Miller J.","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr22-08862605231169733","first-page":"21","volume":"14","author":"Moretti M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605231169733","volume-title":"The mismeasure of crime","author":"Mosher C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716204267176"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007518326031"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088767912441471"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2016.09.029"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2008.00121.x"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0415-6_1"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2009.00152.x"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12741"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.22.1.459"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0011-1348.2005.00011.x"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128710376293"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605231169733","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-021-09344-1"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605231169733","volume":"69","author":"Terry A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605231169733","volume-title":"The delinquent girl","author":"Zahn M.","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605231169733","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605231169733","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605231169733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:11Z","timestamp":1777504691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605231169733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17-18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605231169733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231169733","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]}}}