{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:07:01Z","timestamp":1792454821114,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A small but growing body of research suggests that adolescents and young adults involved with the child welfare system and those transitioning out of foster care are at heightened risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Understanding the factors that place youth at risk of IPV is central to prevention and treatment of this public health problem. However, questions remain about the prevalence and correlates of IPV among youth in foster care. Additionally, emotional abuse, a particular form of IPV in intimate partnerships, remains an understudied area in this population. This study aimed to address these gaps in research by exploring factors associated with IPV using longitudinal data from a representative sample of older youth in California Foster Care who participated in the California Youth Transitions to Adulthood Study (CalYOUTH). Our IPV outcome measures included victimization, perpetration, bidirectional IPV, and emotional abuse. Findings suggest that approximately one-fifth (20.4%) of CalYOUTH respondents had experienced some form of IPV at age 23, with emotional abuse and bidirectional violence being the most commonly reported types of IPV. Females reported emotional abuse, as well as bidirectional violence, at nearly double the rates of their male counterparts. Self-identified sexual minority youth (SMY; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning) were more likely to report IPV victimization, IPV perpetration, and bidirectional violence than their non-SMY peers. Youth with histories of emotional abuse, caregiver IPV victimization, sexual abuse in foster care, placement instability, substance use, anxiety, and incarceration were also at heightened risk of IPV involvement. Emotional abuse was most prevalent with SMY. The findings contribute to the growing research on IPV among transition-age foster youth with important implications for future research, practice, and policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231175910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T01:34:12Z","timestamp":1686360852000},"page":"10611-10639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prevalence and Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth With Foster Care Histories"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6318-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen C.","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathanael J.","family":"Okpych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, Hartford, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pajarita","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Courtney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Social learning theory","volume":"1","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Intimate partner violence in the United States\u20142010","author":"Breiding M. J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605231175910","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Preventing teen dating violence"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9112-0"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520934427"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101532"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/15246090260137644"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at age 26","author":"Courtney M. E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at age 23 and 24","author":"Courtney M. E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Findings from the California Youth Transitions to Adulthood Study (CalYOUTH): Conditions of foster youth at age 17","author":"Courtney M. E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2006.00433.x"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21743"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00163.x"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.06.001"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.04.003"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Regression analyses and linear models: Concepts, applications, and implementation","author":"Darlington R. B.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019888545"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmy042"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2014.03.006"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506289178"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0273-5"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1029"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.06.003"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-008-9152-0"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.005"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2010.495032"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605231175910","unstructured":"Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing Study. (2013, April). The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study survey of new parents: Mothers\u2019 one-year follow-up survey: Public use version. https:\/\/fragilefamilies.princeton.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/toruqf2001\/files\/ff_mom_q1.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-011-9386-0"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204273297"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-007-0070-9"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.1.68"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9710-1"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605231175910","unstructured":"Harris K. M., Halpern C. T., Whitsel E., Hussey J., Tabor J., Entzel P., Udry J. R. (2009). The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Research Design. http:\/\/www.cpc.unc.edu\/projects\/addhealth\/design."},{"key":"bibr35-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Employment of former foster youth as young adults: Evidence from the Midwest study","author":"Hook J. L.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"171","key":"bibr36-08862605231175910","first-page":"449","volume":"43","author":"Howard D. E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2006.12.008"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00041"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517720735"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019836284"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063681"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605231175910","unstructured":"Leemis R. W., Friar N., Khatiwada S., Kresnow M., Smith S. G., Basile K. C. (2022). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016\/2017 Report on intimate partner violence. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/nisvs\/NISVSReportonIPV_2022.pdf"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9930.00025"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2397.2007.00526.x"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-018-0523-x"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.12.006"},{"key":"bibr47-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2009.07.021"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605231175910","author":"National Center for Crisis Management","journal-title":"Younger women at great risk of intimate partner violence"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605231175910","volume-title":"2018 National Crime Victims\u2019 Rights Week Resource Guide: Crime and victimization fact sheets [Fact sheet]","author":"Office for Victims of Crime","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr50-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9086-x"},{"key":"bibr51-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.28.1.103"},{"key":"bibr52-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305774"},{"key":"bibr53-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105731"},{"key":"bibr54-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.01.024"},{"key":"bibr55-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2015.0014"},{"key":"bibr56-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-017-0525-1"},{"key":"bibr57-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511425787"},{"key":"bibr58-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.01.007"},{"key":"bibr59-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.07.007"},{"key":"bibr60-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00141R1"},{"key":"bibr61-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840518762536"},{"key":"bibr62-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2008.02.004"},{"key":"bibr63-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-016-0069-4"},{"key":"bibr64-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi"},{"key":"bibr65-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01174.x"},{"key":"bibr66-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0560-0"},{"key":"bibr67-08862605231175910","volume-title":"The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2015 Data Brief\u2014Updated release","author":"Smith S. G.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr68-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020957986"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr69-08862605231175910","volume":"17","author":"Steffe M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Modern Psychological Studies"},{"key":"bibr70-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4879"},{"key":"bibr71-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001"},{"key":"bibr72-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.01.016"},{"key":"bibr73-08862605231175910","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau. (2020). Child Maltreatment 2018. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/cb\/cm2018.pdf"},{"key":"bibr74-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.03.003"},{"key":"bibr75-08862605231175910","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Handbook of Advanced Multilevel Analysis","author":"Van Buuren S","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr76-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838006297029"},{"key":"bibr77-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2017.1308980"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr78-08862605231175910","first-page":"419","volume":"18","author":"Wathen C. N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"bibr79-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.006"},{"key":"bibr80-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"bibr81-08862605231175910","volume-title":"Sexual and gender minority youth in foster care: Assessing disproportionality and disparities in Los Angeles","author":"Wilson B. D. M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr82-08862605231175910","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018757749"},{"key":"bibr83-08862605231175910","unstructured":"Wood R. G., Avellar S., Goesling B. (2008). Pathways to adulthood and marriage: Teenagers\u2019 attitudes, expectations, and relationship patterns. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/reports\/pathways-adulthood-marriage-teenagers-attitudes-expectations-relationship-patterns-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605231175910","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605231175910","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605231175910","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:18Z","timestamp":1777504698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605231175910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19-20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605231175910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231175910","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}}}