{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:06:30Z","timestamp":1785549990188,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human trafficking occurs in a cycle of coercion and exploitation of vulnerable people; yet, little is known about those who are trafficked more than one time (re-trafficked). Our study sought to describe the trafficking experiences and explore vulnerabilities to re-trafficking in an urban, majority immigrant, population. This study is part of a parent cohort study that enrolls patients at the EMPOWER Center in New York City, which provides trauma-informed obstetric and gynecologic services to victims of sexual- and gender-based violence. Retrospective chart review was conducted on patients with a history of sex trafficking who were evaluated at the EMPOWER Center from February 2013 to January 2021. A total of 87 patients were enrolled in this study, 23 (26.4%) of whom had been re-trafficked. All were women. Most (88.5%) were victims of international trafficking, most often from Mexico or the Caribbean\/Central America. Nine (10.3%) reported contraceptive use and six (6.9%) experienced forced substance use while trafficked. The most reported barriers that women faced in escaping trafficking were threat of violence (28.7%) and financial dependence (19.5%). Re-trafficked patients were more likely to have a history of being undocumented (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20095.29; 95% confidence intervals [CI] [1.34, 20.94]) and experienced childhood sexual abuse (OR\u2009=\u20092.99; 95% CI [1.10, 8.16]), experienced childhood physical abuse (OR\u2009=\u20093.33; 95% CI [1.18, 9.39]), and lived with a non-parent family member (OR\u2009=\u20096.56; 95% CI [1.71, 25.23]). Although these vulnerabilities were no longer significant when analyzed in a parsimonious multivariate logistic regression model adjusting for the other significant variables, likely due to the limited sample size. Almost half (46.0%) reported ongoing emotional effects from being trafficked, which did not vary by re-trafficking status. Our study highlights potential pre-trafficking vulnerabilities, illustrates the complexity of the trafficking experience, and presents potential risk factors for being re-trafficked.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231183452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T06:24:20Z","timestamp":1688797460000},"page":"11501-11519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex Trafficking in New York City and Vulnerabilities to Re-Trafficking"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3857-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria H.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther L.","family":"Beauchemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University College of Global Public Health, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella T.","family":"Cuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annum","family":"Sadana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lolayemi","family":"Olulola-Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University College of Global Public Health, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E.","family":"Leschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Ades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women\u2019s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605231183452","first-page":"201","volume":"43","author":"Adams C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The George Washington International Law Review"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.1.sect2-1701"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mnl.2021.01.007"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605231183452","unstructured":"American Civil Liberties Union. (n.d.). Human trafficking: Modern enslavement of women in the United States. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/other\/human-trafficking-modern-enslavement-immigrant-women-united-states"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801210367643"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-014-0245-1"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605231183452","unstructured":"Brunson W. J., Weller S., Komisar M., Martin J. A. (2014). Chapter 11: Human trafficking educational resources for judges and court practitioners. https:\/\/htcourts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Full_HTGuide_desktopVer_140902.pdf"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/685108"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605231183452","unstructured":"Clinic I. H. R. (2021). Over-policing sex trafficking: How U.S. law enforcement should reform operations. https:\/\/humanrightsclinic.usc.edu\/2021\/11\/15\/over-policing-sex-trafficking-how-u-s-law-enforcement-should-reform-operations\/"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000149"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2019.1595241"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516662306"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018821956"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.06.032"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26408066.2020.1765934"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12147-010-9087-7"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54394\/CHUI5986"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605231183452","unstructured":"Jobe A. (2010). The causes and consequences of re-trafficking: Evidence from the IOM human trafficking database. International Organization for Migration. https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/books\/causes-and-consequences-re-trafficking-evidence-iom-human-trafficking-database"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105092"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2017.1323814"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838010390709"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38345-9"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517703373"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512469102"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.2.31924"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305258"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605231183452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105521"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605231183452","unstructured":"Office of Trafficking in Persons. 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