{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:16Z","timestamp":1792787716919,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Walter Scott Pediatric HIV Global Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recently validated among a sample of young adults in the United States, the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults\n                    <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                    is a much-needed instrument for assessing trauma bonding, which refers to the emotional attachment that often develops between perpetrators and victims of violent and exploitive crimes and is common among survivors of sex trafficking. To assess its utility with other populations, this study aimed to validate the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults\n                    <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                    with a sample of young adults in Kenya. An anonymous survey containing demographic items, the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults\n                    <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and 12 items from an open-source measure of posttraumatic stress disorder was administered to 538 young adults aged 18 to 29 in Kenya using Qualtrics XM. Findings from an analysis of psychometric properties suggest that the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults\n                    <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                    is a valid and reliable measure of trauma bonding that may be useful in a global context.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231215015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T01:15:24Z","timestamp":1701652524000},"page":"2148-2164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Validation of the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults\n                    <sup>\u00a9<\/sup>\n                    in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany","family":"Chenneville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan A.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Wasilewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scholastic","family":"Adeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts and Social Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605231215015","unstructured":"African Studies Center. (n.d.). Kenya\u2014Ethnic Groups. University of Pennsylvania. https:\/\/www.africa.upenn.edu\/NEH\/kethnic.htm"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605231215015","volume-title":"Trauma Symptom Inventory-2: Professional manual","author":"Briere J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605231215015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605231215015","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"Byrne B. M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605231215015","volume-title":"The betrayal bond: Breaking free of exploitive relationships","author":"Carnes P. J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605231215015","volume-title":"The betrayal bond: Breaking free of exploitive relationships","author":"Carnes P. 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University of Wellington. http:\/\/researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/10063\/4398\/thesis.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605231215015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.10.1.3"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605231215015","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"Hair J.","year":"2010","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605231215015","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605231215015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-015-0418-3"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605231215015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0846"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605231215015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/oalib.1109194"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605231215015","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n L. K. (2008). Weighted root mean square residual. http:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/discussion\/messages\/11\/827.html?%201395019483"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605231215015","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605231215015","unstructured":"National Crime Research Centre (2015). Human trafficking in Kenya. https:\/\/crimeresearch.go.ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Human-Trafficking-in-Kenya.pdf"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605231215015","volume-title":"Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A practitioner\u2019s handbook","author":"Norris F. H.","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr25-08862605231215015","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Ozolins U.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605231215015","unstructured":"Qualtrics XM. (2022). 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