{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:12:13Z","timestamp":1790809933962,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>College students\u2019 individual-level risk factors for sexual assault victimization have been studied for decades, but fewer studies have looked at whether and how campus-level factors, such as campus-level rates of discrimination and campus diversity, might also influence student victimization risk. Identifying these broader factors can inform efforts to develop more effective campus-level sexual assault preventive interventions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a large, multi-campus health and well-being survey ( N\u2009=\u2009309,171 students across 474 US campuses) to explore how campus-level factors shape students\u2019 risk of experiencing sexual assault after accounting for students\u2019 individual-level risk factors. Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we examined the influence of campus-level factors (e.g., campus sexual orientation demographics and gender diversity) on students\u2019 odds of experiencing sexual assault, after accounting for individual risk factors (e.g., sexual and gender minority status). Although some campus characteristics, such as enrollment size, had small significant effects on students\u2019 odds of experiencing sexual assault, we found larger significant effects from aggregated campus-level rates of binge drinking, campus diversity (particularly regarding sexual orientation and gender), and discrimination. These findings suggest that comprehensive campus sexual violence prevention would benefit from strategies that promote safe and inclusive campuses, especially for students with marginalized sexual and gender identities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231222455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T06:22:21Z","timestamp":1705731741000},"page":"2857-2880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Drinking, Diversity, and Discrimination: Campus-Level Factors that Influence Students\u2019 Risk of Experiencing Sexual Assault"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7506-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Moylan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1708-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Nason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"McKenzie","family":"Javorka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Stotzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angie C.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605231222455","unstructured":"American College Health Association. (2013). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reliability and validity analyses. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3BU1ZPN"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605231222455","unstructured":"American College Health Association. (n.d.). Participation history. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3SeS2S1"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2006.53.4.483"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605231222455","first-page":"256","volume":"14","author":"Blanchard J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1757681"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01973530903058532"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00748-y"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334456"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605231222455","unstructured":"Cantor D., Fisher B., Chibnall S., Harps H., Townsend R., Thomas G., Lee H., Kranz V., Herbison R., Madden K. (2020). Report on the AAU campus climate survey on sexual assault and misconduct. Westat. https:\/\/bit.ly\/31ksWMt"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0762-8"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517696870"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516633686"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211021990"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11743-6_12-1"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605231222455","volume-title":"Intersections of identity and sexual violence on campus: Centering minoritized students\u2019 experiences","author":"Harris J. C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605231222455","volume-title":"Sexual citizens: A landmark study of sex, power, and assault on campus","author":"Hirsch J. S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1500474"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014520637"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519883866"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518811439"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00223-8"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krebs C., Lindquist C. H., Barrick K. (2011). The historically black college and university campus sexual assault (HBCU-CSA) study. The National Institute of Justice. https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/233614.pdf","DOI":"10.1037\/e545562011-001"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221079372"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605231222455","unstructured":"Krebs C., Lindquist C., Berzofsky M., Shook-Sa B., Peterson K., Planty M., Stroop J. (2016) Campus climate survey validation study final technical report. Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3H2jDB8"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513479032"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014557291"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-020-01134-2"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMahon S., Stepleton K., Cusano J., O\u2019Connor J., Gandhi K., McGinty F. (2018). Beyond sexual assault surveys: A model for comprehensive campus climate assessments. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 55(1), 78\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19496591","DOI":"10.1080\/19496591.2017.1358629"},{"key":"bibr30-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217750864"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186471"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2004.65.37"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018756121"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/704543"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000382"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2017.1295014"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605231222455","unstructured":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2023). Drinking levels defined. https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/alcohol-health\/overview-alcohol-consumption\/moderate-binge-drinking"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-013-9608-0"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605231222455","unstructured":"Online Survey Tool for Campus Safety, 20 U.S. Code \u00a7 1161l\u20136. (2022). https:\/\/bit.ly\/3VNeIec"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016663937"},{"key":"bibr41-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1799806"},{"key":"bibr42-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515580367"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519842178"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221078893"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109916644644"},{"key":"bibr47-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2017.1343829"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219840436"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605231222455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015576391"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605231222455","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605231222455","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605231222455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:04Z","timestamp":1777504684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605231222455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13-14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605231222455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231222455","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]}}}