{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:24:28Z","timestamp":1790810668050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA 17429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA 17429"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexual assault (SA) victimization is a prevalent issue both in the U.S. and globally. Although SA victimization is usually perpetrated by a single-perpetrator, multiple-perpetrator sexual assaults (MPSAs) also occur. Unfortunately, there is less literature concerning MPSAs, including the well-being of survivors\u2019 post-assault. One factor that has been shown to be important in the well-being of SA survivors\u2019 post-assault are the social reactions survivors receive from others following disclosure. The current study sought to compare social reactions received by MPSA survivors to the social reactions received by single-perpetrator sexual assault (SPSA) survivors in a community sample of adult female SA survivors ( N\u2009=\u20091,863). We examined \u201cturning against\u201d (TA) reactions, a type of negative social reaction in which the supporter expresses more overtly distressing reactions that focus blame on the victim. We also examined unsupportive acknowledgment reactions (UA) the second type of negative reaction in which survivors receive acknowledgment that the assault occurred but are not supported. Additionally, we examined differences in positive reactions that survivors received from their support systems. One-way Analysis of Variance showed statistically significant differences in social reactions to disclosure according to number of offenders in the SA, with MPSA survivors receiving more TA and UA negative reactions than SPSA survivors. There were no differences in positive reactions by number of offenders. Multiple regression analyses also revealed that several demographics, assault characteristics, and post-assault factors (total Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, coping, attributions of self-blame) were related to the social reactions received by MPSA survivors post-assault. Implications and recommendations for support providers are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241245378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T02:12:45Z","timestamp":1712887965000},"page":"56-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social Reactions to Disclosures of Multiple-Perpetrator Sexual Assault: Do Number of Offenders Matter?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3503-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9530-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Ullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605241245378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517721171"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605241245378","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605241245378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508317192"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605241245378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605241245378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063213497805"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605241245378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.06.002"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605241245378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1350\/ijep.2013.17.4.433"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605241245378","volume-title":"Posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale manual","author":"Foa E. 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