{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:12:33Z","timestamp":1783095153798,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the forms of verbal abuse by teachers toward students during the teaching and learning process, the prototype of verbal abuse recognized by teachers, and the specific features of verbal abuse of students by teachers. This study used mixed methods that combine qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative method focused on investigating the frequency of verbal abuse by teachers using the Korean Verbal Abuse Questionnaire. Meanwhile, the qualitative method examined the prototype of verbal abuse recognized by teachers and the features of verbal abuse that teachers use toward students. This study recruited 204 students from the fourth to the sixth grades of elementary school and 30 teacher representatives from five elementary schools in Indonesia. The data were collected through online surveys and interviews. The data on the frequency of verbal abuse by teachers during the teaching and learning process were analyzed using descriptive statistics. In contrast, the data from the open-ended questionnaire for teachers and the interviews with students and teachers were analyzed using content analysis. This study found that there are four types of verbal abuse by teachers. These are raising their voices, telling students that they are acting stupid or like brats, scolding, and calling names that make students feel inadequate. Teachers tend to define abuse as something that is physically aggressive, suggesting that teachers often categorize abuse within the realm of physical violence. There are four types of verbal abuse features found in teachers\u2019 utterances; these are labeling students\u2019 cognitive ability, labeling students\u2019 behaviors, shaming students\u2019 physiques, and raising their voices. The results of this study can be employed to develop communication strategies for teachers to lessen verbal abuse during the teaching and learning process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241254135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T07:20:49Z","timestamp":1717744849000},"page":"828-849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Verbal Abuse in Schools: Analyzing the Features of Teachers\u2019 Verbal Abuse From the Linguistic Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Yusri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mantasiah","family":"R.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Aryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Hasmawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7227\/RIE.88.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L7142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01954-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29408\/didika.v8i2.7144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su6901a4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1057610X.2019.1626093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09589230903057183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/icocspa-17.2018.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31004\/obsesi.v6i6.2371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58794\/cerdas.v2i1.176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31949\/jee.v3i2.2418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31004\/obsesi.v3i2.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"A phenomenological examination of childhood parental verbal abuse and communication style in women\u2019s romantic relationships","author":"Deya C. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deya C. M. (2018). A phenomenological examination of childhood parental verbal abuse and communication style in women\u2019s romantic relationships. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12973\/iji.2018.11125a"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Literatur review: Pengaruh Kekerasan Komunikasi Verbal (Verbal Abuse) Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Anak Usia 3-6 Tahun","volume":"3","author":"Ernawati E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ernawati E., Mahmuddin H. (2023). Literatur review: Pengaruh Kekerasan Komunikasi Verbal (Verbal Abuse) Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Anak Usia 3-6 Tahun. JIMPK: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa & Penelitian Keperawatan, 3(3), 45\u201353.","journal-title":"JIMPK: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa & Penelitian Keperawatan"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446289068.n17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0669-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.101.5.259-274"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku orang tua dalam melakukan kekerasan verbal terhadap anak usia pra-sekolah","volume":"14","author":"Fitriana Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fitriana Y., Pratiwi K., Sutanto A. V. (2015). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku orang tua dalam melakukan kekerasan verbal terhadap anak usia pra-sekolah. Jurnal Psikologi Undip, 14(1), 81\u201393.","journal-title":"Jurnal Psikologi Undip"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55018\/janh.v5i1.133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-022-00131-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731419859828"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24090\/jk.v10i2.8201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410604965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11125-019-09445-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3285-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2015.12.2.190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.2.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X0000724X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35508\/jhbs.v3i3.4444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510383031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13422-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","first-page":"689","article-title":"Kekerasan verbal pada anak","volume":"12","author":"Mahmud B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmud B. (2020). Kekerasan verbal pada anak. AN-NISA: Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Anak, 12(2), 689\u2013694.","journal-title":"AN-NISA: Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Anak"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-019-09512-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519835878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517721894"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21840"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04462-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315517971-21","article-title":"18 Content analysis and thematic analysis","author":"Neuendorf K. A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neuendorf K. A. (2018). 18 Content analysis and thematic analysis. In Brough P. (ed.), Advanced research methods for applied psychology: Design, analysis and reporting (p. 211). Routledge.","journal-title":"Advanced research methods for applied psychology: Design, analysis and reporting"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Hubungan antara Empati dengan Kekerasan Verbal pada Siswa Siswi SMAN X","volume":"17","author":"Nisa U. R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nisa U. R., Pandjaitan L. N. (2021). Hubungan antara Empati dengan Kekerasan Verbal pada Siswa Siswi SMAN X. Insight: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Psikologi, 17(2), 234\u2013241.","journal-title":"Insight: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Psikologi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36089\/nu.v1i2.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2020.1865522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986310388021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.565364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31004\/basicedu.v6i3.2892"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90017-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2020.080236"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Hubungan Kejadian Verbal Abuse Orang Tua Terhadap Anak Dengan Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Pra-Sekolah Di Kelurahan Tarok Dipo Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guguk Panjang Bukittinggi Tahun 2014","volume":"5","author":"Sari Y. K.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sari Y. K., Putra Y. (2014). Hubungan Kejadian Verbal Abuse Orang Tua Terhadap Anak Dengan Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Pra-Sekolah Di Kelurahan Tarok Dipo Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guguk Panjang Bukittinggi Tahun 2014. Jurnal Kesehatan Stikes Prima Nusantara Bukittinggi, 5(2), 47.","journal-title":"Jurnal Kesehatan Stikes Prima Nusantara Bukittinggi"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Verbal violence in elementary schools in Medan City: Sociolinguistic study","volume":"6","author":"Silalahi D. A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silalahi D. A., Pujiono M., Gustianingsih G. (2023). Verbal violence in elementary schools in Medan City: Sociolinguistic study. Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal, 6(2), 139\u2013151.","journal-title":"Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Identifying the features of teachers\u2019verbal violence in Aceh School","volume":"17","author":"Sinar T. S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinar T. S., Setia E., Saragih A. (2020). Identifying the features of teachers\u2019verbal violence in Aceh School. PalArch\u2019s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt\/Egyptology, 17(4), 154\u2013167.","journal-title":"PalArch\u2019s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt\/Egyptology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00006-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pierre Bourdieu: Revisiting reproduction, cultural capital, and symbolic violence in education","author":"Stahl G.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stahl G., Mu G. M. (2022). Pierre Bourdieu: Revisiting reproduction, cultural capital, and symbolic violence in education. In Geier B. A. (ed.), The Palgrave handbook of educational thinkers (pp. 1\u201316). Springer.","journal-title":"The Palgrave handbook of educational thinkers"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1063426617739638"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199266647.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2023.2214737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","first-page":"322","volume-title":"Prosiding Seminar Nasional","author":"Yaunita V.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yaunita V., Rofiah S. (2022). Gambaran Pengetahuan Orang Tua Tentang Verbal Abuse Pada Anak Usia Pra Sekolah Di Tk Kenten Permai Palembang Tahun 2021. In Royani E. (ed.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional (pp. 322\u2013326). STIKES Mitra Adiguna."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21580\/sa.v12i2.1706"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241254135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605241254135","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241254135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:22Z","timestamp":1777504702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605241254135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605241254135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241254135","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]}}}