{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:38:18Z","timestamp":1777855098222,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Nigerian Civil War (or Nigerian-Biafran War, 1967\u20131970) was fought between the Nigerian federal government and the defunct Republic of Biafra. Biafra recruited young men and boys (child soldiers) to fight the war, but little attention has been given to understanding the mental health outcomes of the War on Biafran veterans. Although there are few studies on social support in relation to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in this older veteran population, the mechanism through which social support influences PTSD has not received much attention. Hence, we investigated whether self-efficacy explains the association between social support and PTSD symptoms in a sample of Biafran War veterans. They were recruited from the Veterans\u2019 association in south-east Nigeria ( N\u2009=\u2009250; M\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200971.33\u2009years, SD\u2009=\u20097.11), and completed self-report measures of social support, self-efficacy, and PTSD symptoms. Results showed that veterans with greater social support (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212.49, p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and high self-efficacy reported less PTSD symptoms (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212.55, p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Above all, social support predicted decreased PTSD symptoms risk through increased self-efficacy, 95% CI [\u22120.53, \u22120.29]. By implication, social support may be associated with lower PTSD symptoms because it enhances efficacy beliefs, and thereby leads to less PTSD symptoms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241262239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T03:37:50Z","timestamp":1722051470000},"page":"1619-1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fifty Years After Nigerian Civil War: Social Support Is Associated with PTSD Symptoms Through Increased Self-Efficacy Among Biafran Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Nkechi Angela","family":"Chukwuemeka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuka","family":"Mike Ifeagwazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runcie C. W.","family":"Chidebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Project PINK BLUE\u2014Health & Psychological Trust Centre, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Okechukwu Timothy","family":"Ozor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinenye Joseph","family":"Aliche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chibuike Chinonso","family":"Mgbeanuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Army University, Biu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikechukwu","family":"Erojikwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JohnBosco Chika","family":"Chukwuorji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Michigan State University, Flint, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bibr1-08862605241262239","first-page":"9","volume":"2","author":"Abada I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Public and International Affairs"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel J., Sonter F. S., Dami B. E., Dagona Z. K. (2019). Combat exposure and self-efficacy predicting psychological distress among military personnel exposed to Boko-Haram insurgency: The moderating role of unit support. Open Access Journal of Addiction and Psychology, 2(2), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33552\/OAJAP.2019.02.000532","DOI":"10.33552\/OAJAP.2019.02.000532"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429020759-4"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anongo F., Abel J., Dami B., Ogbole A. (2019). Post-deployment social support predicting successful adjustment among Nigerian military returnees from Boko-Haram Insurgency. Open Access Journal of Addiction and Psychology, 2(2), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33552\/OAJAP.2019.02.000533","DOI":"10.33552\/OAJAP.2019.02.000533"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605241262239","volume-title":"The role of social support and gender on depression among retirees","author":"Asogwa G.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr8-08862605241262239","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Atuonwu C. I.","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIPGG Journal of Humanities and Peace Studies"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Ayodele E. E. (1998). Evaluation of correlates of mathematics anxiety [Unpublished MSc thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Lagos]."},{"key":"bibr10-08862605241262239","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartone P. T., Roche R. (2024). Sex differences in hardiness, coping, and health in new West Point cadets. Military Psychology, 36(5), 516\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08995605.2023.2220643","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2023.2220643"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.08.008"},{"key":"bibr13-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benight C. C., Harper M. L. (2002). Coping self-efficacy perceptions as a mediator between acute stress response and long-term distress following natural disasters. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(3), 177\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1015295025950","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015295025950"},{"key":"bibr14-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackburn L., Owens G. P. (2015). The effect of self efficacy and meaning in life on posttraumatic stress disorder and depression severity among veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 219\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22133","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22133"},{"key":"bibr15-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1851078"},{"key":"bibr16-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350221529"},{"key":"bibr17-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"bibr18-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown A. D., Kouri N. A., Rahman N., Joscelyne A., Bryant R. A., Marmar C. R. (2016). Enhancing self-efficacy improves episodic future thinking and social-decision making in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 242, 19\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.026"},{"key":"bibr19-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canada K. E., Smith A. J., Peters C. (2020). Mental health, social support, and coping among military veterans: The moderating role of arrests. Military Behavioral Health, 8(3), 265\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21635781.2020.1742820","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2020.1742820"},{"key":"bibr20-08862605241262239","volume-title":"A history of the Nigerian War 1967\u20131970","author":"Cervenka Z.","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr21-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen O., Liu R., Zhao X. (2024). Impact of army morale on suicidal ideation: The mediating role of grit and the moderating role of social support in a Chinese Navy population. Military Psychology, 36(2), 148\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08995605.2022.2151814","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2022.2151814"},{"key":"bibr22-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310"},{"key":"bibr23-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copeland L. A., Finley E. P., Rubin M. L., Perkins D. F., Vogt D. S. (2023). Emergence of probable PTSD among U.S. veterans over the military-to-civilian transition. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(4), 697\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001329","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001329"},{"key":"bibr24-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Cribben S. (2020, November 26). Delayed onset PTSD and VA disability benefits. CCK Law. https:\/\/cck-law.com\/blog\/delayed-onset-ptsd-va-disability-benefits\/"},{"key":"bibr25-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dami B. E., Abel J., Haruna K., Samuel D. (2018). Combat exposure and PTSD among military combatants in North East Nigeria. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 9(4), 400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15406\/jpcpy.2018.09.00558","DOI":"10.15406\/jpcpy.2018.09.00558"},{"key":"bibr26-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebimgbo S. O., Atama C. S., Igboeli E. E., Obi-keguna C. N., Odo C. O. (2022). Community versus family support in caregiving of older adults: Implications for social work practitioners in South-East Nigeria. Community, Work & Family, 25(2), 152\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13668803.2021.1926222","DOI":"10.1080\/13668803.2021.1926222"},{"key":"bibr27-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellison J. M., Colvonen P. J., Haller M., Norman S. B., Angkaw A. C. (2019). Examining the relation between PTSD and insomnia on aggression. Military Psychology, 31(3), 241\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08995605.2019.1598220","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2019.1598220"},{"key":"bibr28-08862605241262239","volume-title":"Childhood and society","author":"Erikson E.","year":"1950","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr29-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezenagu N. (2017). Leadership styles in the management of Igbo cultural heritage in pre-European era. OGIRISI: A New Journal of African Studies, 13, 22\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/og.v13i1.2","DOI":"10.4314\/og.v13i1.2"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr30-08862605241262239","first-page":"1480","volume":"1","author":"Ezeokana O.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research"},{"key":"bibr31-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Fatunmole M. (2022, October 22). Brain drain: Number of psychiatrists in Nigeria drops from 300 in 2021 to 200. Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https:\/\/www.icirnigeria.org\/brain-drain-number-of-psychiatrists-in-nigeria-drops-from-300-in-2021-to-200\/"},{"key":"bibr32-08862605241262239","volume-title":"The Biafra story: The making of an African legend","author":"Forsyth F.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr33-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Gaba E. (2008, September). Map of the secessionist state of the Republic of Biafra (1967\u20131970) as in May 1967. Retrieved on June 13, 2024, from https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg"},{"key":"bibr34-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gettings R. D., Kirtley J., Wilson-Menzfeld G., Oxburgh G. E., Farrell D., Kiernan M. D. (2022). Exploring the role of social connection in interventions with military veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 873885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.873885","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.873885"},{"key":"bibr35-08862605241262239","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2022","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr36-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong J., Mreydem H. W., Abou Ali B. T., Saleh N. O., Hammoudi S. F., Lee J., Ahn J., Park J., Hong Y., Suh S., Chung S. (2022). Mediation effect of self-efficacy and resilience on the psychological well-being of Lebanese people during the crises of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Beirut explosion. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 733578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.733578","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.733578"},{"key":"bibr37-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou T., Zhang R., Song X., Zhang F., Cai W., Liu Y., Dong W., Deng G. (2020). Self-efficacy and fatigue among non-frontline health care workers during COVID-19 outbreak: A moderated mediation model of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and negative coping. PLoS One, 15(12), e0243884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0243884","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243884"},{"key":"bibr38-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr39-08862605241262239","first-page":"176","volume":"4","author":"Ifeagwazi C. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr40-08862605241262239","first-page":"207","volume":"15","author":"Ifeagwazi C. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr41-08862605241262239","first-page":"192","volume":"8","author":"Ifeagwazi C. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr42-08862605241262239","first-page":"331","volume":"3","author":"Ikezue C. E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Health and Social Inquiry"},{"key":"bibr43-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.4385"},{"key":"bibr44-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juki\u0107 M., Lukinac A. M., Po\u017egain I., Talapko J., Juki\u0107 M., Filakovi\u0107 P. (2020). The role of perceived social support in assessing posttraumatic stress disorder and mental health-related quality of life in veterans. Healthcare, 8(4), 396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare8040396","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040396"},{"key":"bibr45-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamdar N., Khan S., Brostow D. P., Spencer L., Roy S., Sisson A., Hundt N. E. (2023). Association between modifiable social determinants and mental health among post-9\/11 veterans: A systematic review. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 9(3), 8\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jmvfh-2022-0025","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh-2022-0025"},{"key":"bibr46-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Kanu I. A. (2015, November 25). Igwebuike as an Igbo-African philosophy of education. 4th International Conference on Law, Education and Humanities (ICLEH\u201915), November 25-26, 2015 Paris, France."},{"key":"bibr47-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keeling M., Barr N., Atuel H., Castro C. A. (2020). Symptom severity, self-efficacy and treatment-seeking for mental health among US Iraq\/Afghanistan military veterans. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(7), 1239\u20131247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-020-00578-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00578-8"},{"key":"bibr48-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keen S. M., Kutter C. J., Niles B. L., Krinsley K. E. (2008). Psychometric properties of PTSD Checklist in sample of male veterans. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45(3), 465\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1682\/JRRD.2007.09.0138","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.09.0138"},{"key":"bibr49-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.00219029.2006.00138.x"},{"key":"bibr50-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195126709.003.0002"},{"key":"bibr51-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaRocca M. A., Scogin F. R., Hilgeman M. M., Smith A. J., Chaplin W. F. (2018). The impact of posttraumatic growth, transformational leadership, and self-efficacy on PTSD and depression symptom severity among combat veterans. Military Psychology, 30(2), 162\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08995605.2018.1425073","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2018.1425073"},{"key":"bibr52-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Larsen S. E. (2023). PTSD and the family [general information]. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/treat\/specific\/ptsd_family.asp"},{"key":"bibr53-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson N. R. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in combat veterans. JAAPA, 27(5), 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.JAA.0000446228.62683.52","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000446228.62683.52"},{"key":"bibr54-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin C., Nenninger S., Freundlich D., Glatt S., Sokol Y. (2024). How future self-continuity mediates the impact of job loss on negative mental health outcomes among transitioning veterans. Military Psychology, 36(5), 491\u2013503.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08995605.2023.2215697","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2023.2215697"},{"key":"bibr55-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221145721"},{"key":"bibr56-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacEachron A., Gustavsson N. (2012). Peer support, self-efficacy, and combat-related trauma symptoms among returning OIF\/OEF veterans. Advances in Social Work, 13(3), Article 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18060\/2391","DOI":"10.18060\/2391"},{"key":"bibr57-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519881525"},{"key":"bibr58-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mastrocola S. S., Flynn D. P. (2017). Peer emotional support, perceived self-efficacy, and mental health morbidities among student-veterans at a public university. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 65(3), 187\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07377363.2017.1368776","DOI":"10.1080\/07377363.2017.1368776"},{"key":"bibr59-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthieu M. M., Carbone J. T. (2020). Collective action among US veterans: Understanding the importance of self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and social support. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(6), 1985\u20131996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22397","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22397"},{"key":"bibr60-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Mirchandani K. (2021). The relationship among social support, self-efficacy and resilience. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(3), 1560\u20131576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25215\/0903.144"},{"key":"bibr61-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.799608"},{"key":"bibr62-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota N., Tsai J., Kirwin P. D., Harpaz-Rotem I., Krystal J. H., Southwick S. M., Pietrzak R. H. (2016). Late-life exacerbation of PTSD symptoms in us veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(3), 10211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.15m10101","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10101"},{"key":"bibr63-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanavati H. D., Arevalo A., Memon A. A., Lin C. (2023). Associations between posttraumatic stress and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 36(2), 259\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22925","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22925"},{"key":"bibr64-08862605241262239","unstructured":"National Center for PTSD. (2018, February 22). DSM-5 criteria for PTSD. https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/treat\/essentials\/dsm5_ptsd.asp"},{"key":"bibr65-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilaweera D., Phyo A. Z. Z., Teshale A. B., Htun H. L., Wrigglesworth J., Gurvich C., Freak-Poli R., Ryan J. (2023). Lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder as a predictor of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04716-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04716-w"},{"key":"bibr66-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris F. H., Baker C., Murphy A., Kaniasty K. (2005). Social support mobilization and deterioration after Mexico\u2019s 1999 flood: Effects of context, gender, and time. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 15\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-005-6230-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-005-6230-9"},{"key":"bibr67-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris F. H., Kaniasty K. (1996). Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 498\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.71.3.498","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.71.3.498"},{"key":"bibr68-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwangwu C. (2023). Neo-Biafra separatist agitations, state repression and insecurity in south-east, Nigeria. Society, 60(1), 40\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12115-022-00782-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s12115-022-00782-0"},{"key":"bibr69-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Nwaubani A. T. (2020). Remembering Nigeria\u2019s Biafra war that many prefer to forget\u2014BBC News [News]. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC News). https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-51094093"},{"key":"bibr70-08862605241262239","volume-title":"Proceedings of international conference on conceptualizing African approach management 2000","author":"Obuekwe J. A. O.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr71-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Oghojafor B. E. A., Alaneme G. C., Kuye O. L. (2013). Indigenous management thoughts, concepts and practices: The case of the Igbos of Nigeria. https:\/\/ir.unilag.edu.ng\/handle\/123456789\/6303"},{"key":"bibr72-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo J. S., Oyewole S., Aina F. (2023). Forces of terror: Armed banditry and insecurity in North-west Nigeria. Democracy and Security, 19, 319\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17419166.2023.2164924","DOI":"10.1080\/17419166.2023.2164924"},{"key":"bibr73-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okechukwu C. E. (2020). Shortage of psychiatrists: A barrier to effective mental health-care delivery in Nigeria. International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases, 5, 22\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jncd.jncd_1_20","DOI":"10.4103\/jncd.jncd_1_20"},{"key":"bibr74-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okwuosa L., Nwaoga C. T., Uroko F. (2021). The post-war era in Nigeria and the resilience of Igbo communal system. J\u00e0mb\u00e1, 13(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jamba.v13i1.867","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v13i1.867"},{"key":"bibr75-08862605241262239","volume-title":"Perspectives on the Nigerian civil war","author":"Oyeweso S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr76-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyewole S., Aina F., Ojo J. S. (2022). Wings over flies. The RUSI Journal, 167(4\u20135), 92\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03071847.2022.2153076","DOI":"10.1080\/03071847.2022.2153076"},{"key":"bibr77-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52"},{"key":"bibr78-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietrzak R. H., Johnson D. C., Goldstein M. B., Malley J. C., Southwick S. M. (2009). Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), 745\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20558","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20558"},{"key":"bibr79-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plake B. S., Parker C. S. (1982). The development and validation of a revised version of the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42(2), 551\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316448204200218","DOI":"10.1177\/001316448204200218"},{"key":"bibr80-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollmann J. B., Nielsen A. B. S., Andersen S. B., Karstoft K.I. (2022). Changes in perceived social support and PTSD symptomatology among Danish army military personnel. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(7), 1389\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-021-02150-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-021-02150-5"},{"key":"bibr81-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possemato K., McKenzie S., McDevitt-Murphy M. E., Williams J. L., Ouimette P. (2014). The relationship between postdeployment factors and PTSD severity in recent combat veterans. Military Psychology, 26(1), 15\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mil0000027","DOI":"10.1037\/mil0000027"},{"key":"bibr82-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proescher E., Aase D. M., Passi H. M., Greenstein J. E., Schroth C., Phan K. L. (2022). Impact of perceived social support on mental health, quality of life, and disability in post\u20139\/11 U.S. military veterans. Armed Forces & Society, 48(1), 115\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X20919922","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X20919922"},{"key":"bibr83-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell D. W., Benedek D. M., Naifeh J. A., Fullerton C. S., Benevides N., Ursano R. J., Russell C. A., Forsten R. D., Cacciopo J. T. (2016). Social Support and mental health outcomes among U.S. Army special operations personnel. Military Psychology, 28(6), 361\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mil0000114","DOI":"10.1037\/mil0000114"},{"key":"bibr84-08862605241262239","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Personal relationships: Implications for clinical and community psychology","author":"Sarason B. R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr85-08862605241262239","volume-title":"Social support theory, research and application","author":"Sarason I. G.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr86-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5115-0"},{"key":"bibr87-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590701396641"},{"key":"bibr88-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheehy K. A., Hruska B., Waldrep E. E., Pacella-LaBarbara M. L., George R. L., Benight C. C., Delahanty D. L. (2023). The mediating role of coping self-efficacy on social support and PTSD symptom severity among injury survivors. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 36, 770\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2023.2199208","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2023.2199208"},{"key":"bibr89-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherer M., Maddux J. E., Mercandante B., Prentice-Dunn S., Jacobs B., Rogers R. W. (1982). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1982.51.2.663","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1982.51.2.663"},{"key":"bibr90-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirley D. M., Metz A. J., Hinkson K. D.Jr., Drake-Brooks M. M., Taylor J. M., Artman S. E., Burningham C., Bryan C. J. (2022). Academic performance of college student servicemembers and veterans: The influence of emotion regulation, self-efficacy, and PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Veterans Studies, 8(1), 86\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21061\/jvs.v8i1.314","DOI":"10.21061\/jvs.v8i1.314"},{"key":"bibr91-08862605241262239","unstructured":"Shorr J. (2021). Posttraumatic stress disorder in Biafra war survivors [PhD, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2519671068\/abstract\/66253618D34E4F5APQ\/1"},{"key":"bibr92-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith A. J., Benight C. C., Cieslak R. (2013). Social support and postdeployment coping self-efficacy as predictors of distress among combat veterans. Military Psychology, 25(5), 452\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mil0000013","DOI":"10.1037\/mil0000013"},{"key":"bibr93-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith A. J., Felix E. D., Benight C. C., Jones R. T. (2017). Protective factors, coping appraisals, and social barriers predict mental health following community violence: A prospective test of social cognitive theory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(3), 245\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22197","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22197"},{"key":"bibr94-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon Z., Mikulincer M. (1990). Life events and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: The intervening role of locus of control and social support. Military Psychology, 2(4), 241\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327876mp0204_4","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327876mp0204_4"},{"key":"bibr95-08862605241262239","author":"Tamunomiete D. S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prevalence and functional impairment in PTSD among Nigerians"},{"key":"bibr96-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas M. L., Kaufmann C. N., Palmer B. W., Depp C. A., Martin A. S., Glorioso D. K., Thompson W. K., Jeste D. V. (2016). Paradoxical trend for improvement in mental health with aging: A community-based study of 1,546 adults aged 21\u2013100 years. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(8), e1019\u2013e1025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.16m10671","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m10671"},{"key":"bibr97-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai J., Harpaz-Rotem I., Pietrzak R. H., Southwick S. M. (2012). The role of coping, resilience, and social support in mediating the relation between PTSD and social functioning in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 75(2), 135\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/psyc.2012.75.2.135","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2012.75.2.135"},{"key":"bibr98-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchendu E. (2007). Recollections of childhood experiences during the Nigerian civil war. Africa, 77(3), 393\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3366\/afr.2007.0063","DOI":"10.3366\/afr.2007.0063"},{"key":"bibr99-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32473\/asq.21.3.135953"},{"key":"bibr100-08862605241262239","volume-title":"Presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"Weathers F. W.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr101-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22794"},{"key":"bibr102-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welsh J. A., Olson J. R., Perkins D. F. (2019). Gender differences in post-deployment adjustment of air force personnel: The role of wartime experiences, unit cohesion, and self-efficacy. Military Medicine, 184(1\u20132), e229\u2013e234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usy261","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy261"},{"key":"bibr103-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu C., Hou G., Lin Y., Sa Z., Yan J., Zhang X., Liang Y., Yang K., Zhang Y., Lang H. (2022). Exploring links between Chinese military recruits\u2019 psychological stress and coping style from the person-environment fit perspective: The chain mediating effect of self-efficacy and social support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 996865.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.996865"},{"key":"bibr104-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue C., Ge Y., Tang B., Liu Y., Kang P., Wang M., Zhang L. (2015). A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans. PLoS One, 10(3), e0120270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120270"},{"key":"bibr105-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue S., Xu W. (2023). Childhood Sexual abuse and associated suicidal ideation and attempts among gay and bisexual men in China: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3\u20134), 2881\u20132909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221104528","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221104528"},{"key":"bibr106-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000316"},{"key":"bibr107-08862605241262239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.711652"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241262239","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605241262239","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241262239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:29Z","timestamp":1777504709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605241262239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605241262239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241262239","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]}}}