{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:36:46Z","timestamp":1777855006258,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    When examining sexual assault, men are often hidden from the literature. The current study employed a mixed-methods, convergent parallel design to examine the experiences of 22 male survivors of sexual assault (mean age\u2009=\u200944.19,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913.28, range 18\u201365; 91% European American; 50% heterosexual). Survivors were administered an online survey using quantitative and qualitative questions to assess rape myths, gender roles, self-esteem, self-efficacy, resiliency, coping, overall mental and physical health, and diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sexual dysfunction. Three key themes emerged from the integration of quantitative and qualitative data: (a) Help is Elusive, (b) Internal Struggles and External Strengths, and (c) Living with Clinical Diagnoses. This study adds to an important area of the literature that increases understanding of men\u2019s experiences with sexual violence and honors the voices of these survivors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241277275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T02:05:09Z","timestamp":1725329109000},"page":"2731-2759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overcoming Rape: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Understanding Psychological and Physical Health Functioning of Male Survivors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7805-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luci A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"1in6. (2020a November 21). Additional resources for men who were sexually abused. https:\/\/1in6.org\/get-information\/additional-resources\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"1in6. (2020b November 21). For families and friends of men. https:\/\/1in6.org\/get-information\/for-family-and-friends-of-men\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016004266.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"Basile K. C. Smith S. G. Kresnow M. J. Khatiwada S. Leemis R. W. (2022). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2016\/2017 report on sexual violence. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nisvs\/documentation\/nisvsReportonSexualViolence.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitton M. S. Ben-David S. (2014). Elaborations on sexual assault on dates among Israeli students: Risk detrimental effect and resilience factors. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 58(12) 1500\u20131519. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/1177\/0306624X13497895","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X13497895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217706708"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Male victims of sexual assault: Phenomenology, psychology, physiology","volume":"39","author":"Bullock C. M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bullock C. M., Beckson M. (2011). Male victims of sexual assault: Phenomenology, psychology, physiology. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 39(2), 197\u2013205.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burt M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38(2) 217\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.38.2.217","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.38.2.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112 155\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connell R. W. Messerschmidt J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society 19 829\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0891243205278639","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243205278639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Creswell J. W., Clark V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip3903_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies M. Walker J. Archer J. Pollard P. (2010). A comparative study of long-term psychological functioning in male survivors of stranger and acquaintance rape. Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research 2(4) 25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5042\/jacpr.2010.0534","DOI":"10.5042\/jacpr.2010.0534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249403400416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018816979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1558705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond W. P. (2012). Taking it like a man: Masculine role norms as moderators of the racial discrimination depressive symptoms association among African-American men. American Journal of Public Health 102 S232\u2013S241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300485","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1912.2013.00024.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill C. E. Knox S. (2021). Essentials of consensual qualitative research. American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/0000215-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X16652656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249503500302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0.2.0","author":"IBM Corp. Released","year":"2023","unstructured":"IBM Corp. Released 2023. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0.2.0 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2014.959479"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.4155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2017.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson M. D. Galambos N. L. Finn C. Neyer F. J. Horne R. M. (2017). Pathways between self-esteem and depression in couples. Developmental Psychology 53(4) 787\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000276","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan S. Watkins A. Storey M. Allen S. J. Brooks C. J. Garaiova I. Heaven M. L. Jones R. Plummer S. F. Russell I. T. Thornton C. A. Morgan G. (2013). Volunteer bias in recruitment retention and blood sample donation in a randomized controlled trial involving mothers and their children at six months and two years: A longitudinal analysis. PLoS One 8(7) 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2023.101838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehnart J. Neyer F. J. Eccles J. (2010). Long-term effects of social investment: The case of partnering in young adulthood. Journal of Personality 78 639\u2013670. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00629.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00629.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levant R. F. Wimer D. J. (2014). Masculinity constructs as protective buffers and risk factors for men\u2019s health. American Journal of Men\u2019s Health 8(2) 110\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988313494408","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988313494408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672002612010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2019.372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JACPR-07-2017-0308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahalik J. R. Burns S. M. (2011). Predicting health behaviors in young men that put them at risk for heart disease. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 12(1) 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021416","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahalik J. R. Levi-Minzi M. Walker G. (2007). Masculinity and health behaviors in Australian men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 8(4) 240\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1524-9220.8.4.240","DOI":"10.1037\/1524-9220.8.4.240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahalik J. R. Rochlen A. B. (2006). Men\u2019s likely responses to clinical depression: What are they and do masculinity norms predict them? Sex Roles 55 659\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-006-9121-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-006-9121-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2014.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliffe J. L. Galdas P. M. Han C. S. E. Kelly M. T. (2012). Faux masculinities among college men who experience depression. Health 17(1) 75\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363459312447256","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459312447256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parent M. C. Moradi B. (2011). An abbreviated tool for assessing conformity to masculine norms: Psychometric properties of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-46. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 12(4) 339\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021904","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/8.4.396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-019-00699-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/135525703125002360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517701453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed R. A. Pamlanye J. T. Truex H. R. Murphy-Neilson M. C. Kunaniec K. P. Newins A. R. Wilson L. C. (2020). Higher rates of unacknowledged rape among men: The role of rape myth acceptance. Psychology of Men & Masculinities 21(1) 162\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000230","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regehr C. Cadell S. Jansen K. (1999). Perceptions of control and long-term recovery from rape. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 69(1) 110\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0080386","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers P. (1997). Post-traumatic stress disorder following male rape. Journal of Mental Health 6(1) 5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638239718996","DOI":"10.1080\/09638239718996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Measures in health psychology: A user\u2019s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs","author":"Schwarzer R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schwarzer R., Jerusalem M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In Weinman J., Wright S., Johnston M. (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user\u2019s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35\u201337). NFER-NELSON."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinclair S. J. Blais M. A. Gansler D. A. Sandberg E. Bistis K. LoCicero A. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Overall and across demographic groups living within the United States. Evaluation and the Health Professions 33(1) 56\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0163278709356187","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278709356187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan C. Conner M. Gough B. (2015). How does masculinity impact on health? A quantitative study of masculinity and health behavior in a sample of UK men and women. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 16(2) 206\u2013217. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037261","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith B. W. Dalen J. Wiggins K. Tooley E. Christopher P. Bernard J. (2008). The Brief Resiliency Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 15(3) 194\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705500802222972","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211055151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowislo J. F. Orth U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin 139(1) 213\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028931","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres J. B. Solberg V. S. Carlstrom A. H. (2002). The myth of sameness among Latino men and their machismo. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 72 163\u2013181. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0002-9432.72.2.163","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0002-9432.72.2.163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turchik J. A. (2012). Sexual victimization among male college students: Assault severity sexual functioning and health risk behaviors. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 13(3) 243\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024605","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024605"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turchik J. A. Edwards K. M. (2012). Myths about male rape: A literature review. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 13 211\u2013226.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514556765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voller E. Polusny M. A. Noorbaloochi S. Street A. Grill J. Murdoch M. (2015). Self-efficacy male rape myth acceptance and devaluation of emotions in sexual trauma sequelae: Findings from a sample of male veterans. Psychological Services 12(4) 420\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000046","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner J. Lang F. R. Neyer F. J. Wagner G. G. (2014). Self-esteem across adulthood: The role of resources. European Journal of Ageing 11 109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-013-0299-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-013-0299-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518817777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10608265241249937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker J. Archer J. Davies M. (2005a). Effects of male rape on psychological functioning. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44 445\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466505X52750","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X52750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker J. Archer J. Davies M. (2005b). Effects of rape on men: A descriptive analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior 34(1) 69\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-005-1001-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-005-1001-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss K. G. (2010). Male sexual victimization: Examining men\u2019s experiences of rape and sexual assault. Men and Masculinities 12(3) 275\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1097184X08322632","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X08322632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widanaralalage B. K. Hine B. Murphy A. Murji K. (2022). \u201cI didn\u2019t feel I was a victim\u201d: A phenomenological analysis of the experiences of male-on-male survivors of rape and sexual abuse. Victims & Offenders 17(8) 1147\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564886.2022.2069898","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2022.2069898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000059"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241277275","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605241277275","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241277275","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:41Z","timestamp":1777504721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605241277275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605241277275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241277275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]}}}