{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:00:19Z","timestamp":1787162419286,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Official statistics and data from police and judicial systems consistently show that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide problem predominantly affecting women perpetrated by male partners. Yet, certain behavioral checklists yield similar IPV rates for both genders, sparking the gender symmetry\/asymmetry debate. Some possible explanations for this discrepancy reside in (a) considering or not the consequences of violence, (b) possible inadequacies of the instructions given to participants when answering checklists, and (c) considering or not certain behaviors typically asymmetrical (e.g., economic violence). In order to test these three hypotheses, we conducted two studies in the Spanish context using the Partner Victimization Scale (PVS). In Study 1, participants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009449) answered a Spanish version of the PVS (with the instructions \u201cNot including horseplay or joking around\u201d) and reported consequences of violence on their self-esteem and health. In Study 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009172), we experimentally manipulated the instructions given to participants when answering the PVS (including those of Study 1 or not) and also added some items of typically asymmetrical violence. Other measures of consequences of violence were assessed. Results of Study 1 replicated the original PVSs factor structure and showed gender asymmetry (more female than male victimization) in four of five items, and the victimization rates were related to consequences of violence, providing construct validity to this version of the scale. Results of Study 2 underlined the relevance of the instructions and of the addition of certain types of violence in the symmetry\/asymmetry rates informed. Additionally, the IPV reported was associated with worse consequences for women than for men. Our findings suggest that the detection of IPV increases when the instructions are clarified, when certain items are added, and when the consequences of IPV are considered.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241289477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T13:44:08Z","timestamp":1729518248000},"page":"4346-4371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Unveiling the Gender Symmetry Debate: Exploring Consequences, Instructions, and Forms of Violence in Intimate Partner Violence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella Ludmila","family":"Zapata-Calvente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas L.","family":"Meg\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman J. (2018). Assessing conflict tactics scale validity by examining intimate partner violence overreporting. Psychology of Violence 8(2) 207\u2013217. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000112","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansara D. L. Hindin M. J. (2011). Psychosocial consequences of intimate partner violence for women and men in Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(8) 1628\u20131645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260510370600","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510370600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arriaga X. B. (2002). Joking violence among highly committed individuals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 17(6) 591\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260502017006001","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502017006001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Psicothema [Psychothema]","author":"Atienza F. L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Atienza F. L., Pons D., Balaguer I., Garc\u00eda-Merita M. (2000). Propiedades Psicom\u00e9tricas de la Escala de Satisfacci\u00f3n con la Vida en Adolescentes [Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in adolescents] Psicothema [Psychothema], 12(2), 314\u2013319."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badenes-Sastre M. Lorente Acosta M. Herrero Machancoses F. Exp\u00f3sito Jim\u00e9nez F. (2023). Spanish adaptation and validation of the World Health Organization\u2019s violence against women instrument. Psicothema 35(2) 202\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7334\/psicothema2022.197","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett B. A. Iverson K. M. Mitchell K. S. (2018). Intimate partner violence and disordered eating among male and female veterans. Psychiatry Research 260 98\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.11.056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.11.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"Gender patterns in intimate partner violence: Results from 33 campus climate surveys based on the Partner Victimization Scale","author":"Bell A.-S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bell A.-S., Dinwiddie M., Hamby S. (2018). Gender patterns in intimate partner violence: Results from 33 campus climate surveys based on the Partner Victimization Scale. Life Paths Appalachian Research Center."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","volume-title":"A User\u2019s guide to the self reporting questionnaire","author":"Beusenberg M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beusenberg M., Orley J. H. (1994). A User\u2019s guide to the self reporting questionnaire (SRQ\/compiled by Beusenberg M., Orley & J.). World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumenstein L. (2015). Exploratory study on intimate partner kidnapping: Is this a prevailing issue in intimate partner relationships? Partner Abuse 6(4) 403\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.6.4.403","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.6.4.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch-Fiol E. Ferrer-P\u00e9rez V. A. (2019). The pyramid model: A feminist alternative for analyzing violence against women [El Modelo Piramidal: Alternativa feminista para analizar la violencia contra las mujeres]. Revista Estudos Feministas 27 e54189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1806-9584-2019v27n254189","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9584-2019v27n254189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa D. Hatzidimitriadou E. Ioannidi-Kapolou E. Lindert J. Soares J. Sundin \u00d6. Toth O. Barros H. (2015). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: Findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research 24(2) 463\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-014-0766-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0766-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"Delegation of the Government against Gender Violence Ministry of Equality (2020). Macrosurvey of violence against women 2019. https:\/\/violenciagenero.igualdad.gob.es\/violenciaEnCifras\/macroencuesta2015\/pdf\/Macroencuesta_2019_estudio_investigacion.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmarais S. L. Reeves K. A. Nicholls T. L. Telford R. P. Fiebert M. S. (2012). Prevalence of physical violence in intimate relationships Part 1: Rates of male and female victimization. Partner Abuse 3(2) 140\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.140","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diener E. Emmons R. A. Larsen R. J. Griffin S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 49(1) 71\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobash R. P. Dobash R. E. (2004). Women\u2019s violence to men in intimate relationships working on a puzzle. British Journal of Criminology 44(3) 324\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjc\/azh026","DOI":"10.1093\/crimin\/azh026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echebur\u00faa E. Amor P. J. Sarasua B. Zubizarreta I. Holgado-Tello F. P. Mu\u00f1oz J. M. (2016). Escala de Gravedad de S\u00edntomas Revisada (EGS-R) del Trastorno de Estr\u00e9s Postraum\u00e1tico seg\u00fan el DSM-5: Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas [Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity scale-revised (EGS-R) according to DSM-5 criteria: Psychometric properties]. Terapia psicol\u00f3gica [Psychological Therapy] 34(2) 111\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0718-48082016000200004","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-48082016000200004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanslow J. L. Mellar B. M. Gulliver P. J. McIntosh T. K. D. (2023). Evidence of gender asymmetry in intimate partner violence experience at the population-level. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(15\u201316) 9159\u20139188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231163646","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231163646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Gonzalez L. O\u2019Leary K. D. Munoz-Rivas M. J. (2013). We are not joking: Need for controls in reports of dating Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28(3) 602\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260512455518","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512455518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrer-P\u00e9rez V. A. Bosch-Fiol E. (2019). El G\u00e9nero en el An\u00e1lisis de la Violencia contra las Mujeres en la Pareja: De la \u201cCeguera\u201d de G\u00e9nero a la Investigaci\u00f3n Espec\u00edfica del Mismo. Anuario de Psicolog\u00eda Jur\u00eddica 29(1) 69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5093\/apj2019a3","DOI":"10.5093\/apj2019a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e377652004-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foshee V. A. Bauman K. E. Linder F. Rice J. Wilcher R. (2007). Typologies of adolescent dating violence: Identifying typologies of adolescent dating violence perpetration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 22(5) 498\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260506298829","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506298829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul F. Erfelder E. Lang A. G. Buchner A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social behavioral and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2) 175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03193146","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","volume-title":"WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women","author":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno C., Jansen H. A., Ellsberg M., Heise L., Watts C. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women. World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamby S. (2009). The gender debate about intimate partner violence: Solutions and dead ends. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 1(1) 24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0015066","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamby S. (2014a). Intimate partner and sexual violence research: Scientific progress scientific challenges and gender. Trauma Violence & Abuse 15(3) 149\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838014520723","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014520723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","volume-title":"Battered women\u2019s protective strategies: Stronger than you know","author":"Hamby S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamby S. (2014b). Battered women\u2019s protective strategies: Stronger than you know. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamby S. (2016a). Advancing survey science for intimate partner violence: The Partner Victimization Scale and other innovations. Psychology of Violence 6(2) 352\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000053","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamby S. (2016b). Self-report measures that do not produce gender parity in intimate partner violence: A multi-study investigation. Psychology of Violence 6(2) 323\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0038207","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamby S. (2017). A scientific answer to a scientific question: The gender debate on intimate partner violence. Trauma Violence & Abuse 18(2) 145\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838015596963","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015596963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700043993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168500900204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","unstructured":"Heise L. (2011). What works to prevent partner violence? An evidence overview. Department for International Development. http:\/\/researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/21062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson M. P. (2011). Gender and types of intimate partner violence: A response to an anti-feminist literature review. Aggression and Violent Behavior 16(4) 289\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2011.04.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2011.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson H. (2015). Degendering violence. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender State & Society 22(3) 390\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sp\/jxv021","DOI":"10.1093\/sp\/jxv021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jud A. Grafe B. Meshkova K. Kavemann B. Meysen T. Hoffmann U. Ziegenhain U. Fegert J. (2022). Prevalence and predictors of affirmations of intimate partner violence in Germany: A first nationwide study on victimization in women and men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(1\u20132) NP1473\u2013NP1493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221092066","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221092066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakurt G. Smith D. Whiting J. (2014). Impact of intimate partner violence on women\u2019s mental health. Journal of Family Violence 29(7) 693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-014-9633-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-014-9633-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuijpers K. F. (2019). Partner disagreement on the occurrence of intimate partner violence among a national sample of heterosexual young-adult couples. Violence Against Women 26(8) 889\u2013909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801219850343","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219850343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehrner A. Allen N. E. (2014). Construct validity of the Conflict Tactics Scales: A mixed-method investigation of women\u2019s intimate partner violence. Psychology of Violence 4(4) 477\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037404","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6vestad S. Krantz G. (2012). Men\u2019s and women\u2019s exposure and perpetration of partner violence: An epidemiological study from Sweden. BMC Public Health 12(1) 945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-945","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Albo J. N\u00fa\u00f1ez J. L. Navarro J. G. Grijalvo F. (2007). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Translation and validation in university students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 10(2) Article 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/-","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600006727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myhill A. (2015). Measuring coercive control: What can we learn from national population surveys? Violence Against Women 21(3) 355\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801214568032","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801214568032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pate T. Simoni\u010d B. (2021). Intimate partner violence and physical health problems in women. Slovenian Medical Journal 90(7\u20138) 390\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6016\/ZdravVestn.3041","DOI":"10.6016\/ZdravVestn.3041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. (2016 September). The Chief Public Health Officer\u2019s report on the state of public health in Canada 2016\u2014A focus on family violence in Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/publichealth\/services\/publications\/chief-public-health-officer-reports-statepublic-health-canada\/2016-focus-family-violence-canada.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Men\u00e9s J. Safranoff A. (2012). Violence against women in intimate relations: A contrast of five theories. European Journal of Criminology 9(6) Article 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1477370812453410","DOI":"10.1177\/1477370812453410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romito P. Grassi M. (2007). Does violence affect one gender more than the other? The mental health impact of violence among male and female university students. Social Science & Medicine 65(6) 1222\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","volume-title":"Society and the adolescent self-image","author":"Rosenberg M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image (Rev. ed.). Wesleyan University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","unstructured":"Rosenthal M. N. (2018). Close quarters: college women\u2019s experiences of campus sexual violence [Doctoral dissertation. University of Oregon]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargent K. S. Yule K. Bridges K. Jouriles E. N. Grych J. H. (2020). Do instructions intended to reduce false positives improve the measurement of physical partner violence victimization among adolescents and young adults? Psychology of Violence 10(2) 152\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000246","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schraiber L. B. D\u2019Oliveira A. F. P. L. Fran\u00e7a Junior I. & Grupo de Estudos em Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Sexualidade e Aids. (2008). [Intimate partner sexual violence among men and women in urban Brazil 2005]. Revista De Saude Publica 42(Suppl 1) 127\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0034-89102008000800015","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102008000800015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Storey K. O\u2019Donnell S. Ford-Gilboe M. Varcoe C. Wathen N. Malcolm J. Vincent C. (2023). What about the men? A critical review of men\u2019s experiences of intimate partner violence. Trauma Violence & Abuse 24(2) 858\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380211043827","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211043827"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and Family 41(1) 75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/351733","DOI":"10.2307\/351733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review 30(3) Article 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2007.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2007.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus M. A. (2011). Gender symmetry and mutuality in perpetration of clinical-level partner violence: Empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment. Aggression and Violent Behavior 16(4) 279\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2011.04.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2011.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus M. A. (2016). Gender-violence dyadic-violence and dyadic concordance types: A conceptual and methodological alternative to Hamby (2016) that incorporates both the gendered and dyadic interaction aspects of violence to enhance research and the safety of women. APA PsycNET 6(2) Article 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0039616","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","author":"Straus M. A.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Straus M. A., Gelles R. J., Steinmetz S. K. (1980). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. Doubleday.","journal-title":"Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus M. A. Hamby S. L. Boney-McCoy S. Sugarman D. B. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues 17(3) 283\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/019251396017003001","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"In-depth study on all forms of violence against women","author":"United Nations","year":"2006","unstructured":"United Nations. (2006). In-depth study on all forms of violence against women (A\/61\/122\/Add.1). United Nations."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey","author":"Walby S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walby S., Allen J. (2004). Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walby S. Towers J. (2017). Measuring violence to end violence: Mainstreaming gender. Journal of Gender-Based Violence 1(1) Article 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/239868017X14913081639155","DOI":"10.1332\/239868017X14913081639155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","unstructured":"Woerner J. (2017). Women\u2019s readiness to engage in risky sexual behavior: the effects of interpersonal violence victimization and social rejection [Doctoral dissertation. Wayne State University]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates 2018: Global regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240022256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapata-Calvente A.L. Meg\u00edas J. L. (2017). Social perception of intimate partner violence according to the motivations and sex of the aggressor and the ideology and sex of the observers. International Journal of Social Psychology 32(2) 301\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02134748.2017.1297355","DOI":"10.1080\/02134748.2017.1297355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zharima C. Singh R. Closson K. Beksinska M. Zulu B. Jesson J. Pakhomova T. Dong E. Dietrich J. Kaida A. Basham C. A. (2024). Economic hardship and perpetration of intimate partner violence by young men in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021\u20132022): A cross-sectional study. Injury Epidemiology 11(1) 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40621-024-00483-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-024-00483-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241289477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605241289477","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241289477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:47Z","timestamp":1777504727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605241289477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17-18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605241289477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241289477","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]}}}