{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:08:17Z","timestamp":1787018897471,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1063192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1063192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There are few studies that measure the effects of childhood emotional trauma on female college students\u2019 positive perceptions and attitudes toward their present lives. Therefore, this study analyzes how female college students\u2019 emotional trauma induced by child emotional abuse influences their flourishing as adults. To this end, a descriptive survey via an online platform was conducted from November 26 to December 3, 2022. The participants were 318 female college students aged 18 to 35 in South Korea, who experienced parental emotional abuse when they were younger than 18\u2009years old. The survey was conducted to validate the moderating effects of resilience and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between female college students\u2019 childhood emotional trauma and flourishing. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics,\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -tests, analysis of variance, Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient, and Hayes\u2019 PROCESS macro. Self-blame, other-blame, and positive refocusing factors of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were found to moderate the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and flourishing. Specifically, the self-blame strategy intensified the negative moderation effect. As flourishing depends on the degree of self-blame, fostering optimism by mitigating self-blame is necessary. The other-blame strategy attenuated the negative impact of childhood emotional trauma on flourishing. Nevertheless, this strategy can weaken emotions if individuals fail to regulate them independently. A positive refocusing strategy also effectively moderated the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and flourishing by alleviating the former\u2019s adverse effects. By contrast, resilience lacked a moderation effect. To overcome past emotional adversities and lead a flourishing life, interventions that actively utilize relational resources within the campus and regulate irrational beliefs, such as self-blame and blame toward others are necessary. These findings provide critical foundational data for the development of programs aimed at fostering a forward-thinking cognitive framework, thus enabling them to focus on future plans despite memories of emotional abuse.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241291912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T05:55:21Z","timestamp":1729749321000},"page":"4500-4525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Childhood Emotional Trauma and Flourishing in Female College Students"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1192-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonjung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeji","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn H. N. Lee N. B. Joo H. S. (2013). Validation of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire in a Korean population. Korea Journal of Counseling 14(3) 1773\u20131793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15703\/kjc.14.3.201306.1773","DOI":"10.15703\/kjc.14.3.201306.1773"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan G. (2022). Childhood psychological maltreatment optimism aversion to happiness and psychological adjustment among college students. Current Psychology 42 25142\u201325150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-03538-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03538-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyens I. Pouwels J. L. van Driel I. I. Keijsers L. Valkenburg P. M. (2021). Social media use and adolescents\u2019 well-being: Developing a typology of person-specific effect patterns. Communication Research 51(6) 691\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00936502211038196","DOI":"10.1177\/00936502211038196"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boisgontier M. P. Orsholits D. von Arx M. Sieber S. Miller M. W. Courvoisier D. Iversen M. D. Cullati S. Cheval B. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences depressive symptoms functional dependence and physical activity: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17(8) 790\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3768417","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2019-0133"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodbeck J. B\u00f6tschi S. I. R. Vetsch N. Berger T. Schmidt S. J. Marmet S. (2022). Investigating emotion regulation and social information processing as mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences with psychosocial functioning in young Swiss adults: The FACE epidemiological accelerated cohort study. BMC Psychology 10(1) 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359\u2013022\u201300798\u20135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00798-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler J. Kern M. L. (2016). The PERMA\u2013Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing 6(3) 48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5502\/ijw.v6i3.526","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v6i3.526"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y. Hua K. Huang C. Zhou G. Wang J. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and psychological well-being in Chinese college students: Moderated mediation by gender and resilience. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 710635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.710635","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.710635"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi N. Y. Lee Y. H. (2018). The relation between childhood trauma and early adulthood interpersonal problem: The mediating effects of early maladaptive schemas self-concept and emotion regulation difficulties. Korean Journal of Youth Studies 25(2) 137\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21509\/KJYS.2018.02.25.2.137","DOI":"10.21509\/KJYS.2018.02.25.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garnefski N. Kraaij V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: Psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23(3) 141\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015\u20135759.23.3.141","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.23.3.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graves B. S. Hall M. E. Dias-Karch C. Haischer M. H. Apter C. (2021). Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PLoS One 16(8) e0255634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255634","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255634"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzog J. I. Schmahl C. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and the consequences on neurobiological psychosocial and somatic conditions across the lifespan. Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00420","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00420"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong J. S. Lee N. Y. Park H. J. Faller K. C. (2011). Child maltreatment in South Korea: An ecological systems analysis. Children and Youth Services Review 33(7) 1058\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.01.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatekin C. Ahluwalia R. (2020). Effects of adverse childhood experiences stress and social support on the health of college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35(1\u20132) 150\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516681","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516681880"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J. M. Kim S. M. Kim J. M. (2021). The effects of posttraumatic cognition on the posttraumatic growth of adults with interpersonal traumatic experience: The mediating effect of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and moderating effect of ego resilience. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders 37(1) 55\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33770\/JEBD.37.1.3","DOI":"10.33770\/JEBD.37.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","unstructured":"Kim S. H. (2004). A study on relationships among the stressful events cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological well\u2013being [Unpublished master\u2019s thesis Catholic University]. Gyeonggi. http:\/\/www.riss.kr\/link?id=T9560970"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knoesen R. Naud\u00e9 L. (2018). Experiences of flourishing and languishing during the first year at university. Journal of Mental Health 27(3) 269\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638237.2017.1370635","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1370635"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","unstructured":"Korean Statistical Information Service. (2021). Korea Statistical Information System. Status of child abuse. Statistical database. https:\/\/kosis.kr\/statHtml\/statHtml.do?orgId=117&tblId=DT_117064_A010&conn_path=I2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak T. H. Lim J. H. (2018). The effects of emotional awareness on adolescents\u2019 psychological well\u2013being: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a mediator. Korean Journal of Child Studies 40(2) 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5723\/kjcs.2019.40.2.13","DOI":"10.5723\/kjcs.2019.40.2.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","unstructured":"Kwon J. H. Park J. I. Sakong J. K. Yang J. C. (2021). Characteristics of the perception of the somatic symptoms and the cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 29(2) 102\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22722\/KJPM.2021.29.2.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwong T. Y. Hayes D. K. (2017). Adverse family experiences and flourishing amongst children ages 6\u201317 years: 2011\/12 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health. Child Abuse & Neglect 70 240\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee E. J. Jeon H. S. (2021). The structural relationship among family resilience active coping adaptive cognitive-emotional regulation strategy and post-traumatic growth in trauma-experienced college students. Family and Family Therapy 29(3) 511\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21479\/kaft.2021.29.3.511","DOI":"10.21479\/kaft.2021.29.3.511"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee H. N. Kim S. A. Chung I. J. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and adult depressive symptoms: Exploring the moderating role of adulthood social support. Korean Journal of Family Social Work 68(2) 127\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16975\/kjfsw.68.2.5","DOI":"10.16975\/kjfsw.68.2.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","unstructured":"Lee J. Y. (2019). Development and validation of the emotional trauma inventory. Korean Journal of Gestalt Counseling 9(2) 23\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/I410-ECN-0102-2022-100-000792951"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Y. H. Jeong S. H. (2019). The effect of cognitive emotion regulation on college student's happiness: Gender\u2019s moderating effect. Asia-Pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art Humanities and Sociology 9(10) 657\u2013665. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.35873\/ajmahs.2019.9.10.056","DOI":"10.35873\/ajmahs.2019.9.10.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin H. C. Yang Y. Elliott L. Green E. (2020). Individual differences in attachment anxiety shape the association between adverse childhood experiences and adult somatic symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect 101 104325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104325"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozturk E. Mohler J. L. (2021). Childhood adversities and life satisfaction: The moderator role of perceived resilience in early adulthood. Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody and Child Development 18(2) 121\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26904586.2021.1918038","DOI":"10.1080\/26904586.2021.1918038"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park E. H. Rhee M. K. (2016). The effect of ego-resiliency on posttraumatic growth: The mediating effects of stress coping and cognitive emotion regulation. The Journal of Health Psychology 21(3) 623\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17315\/kjhp.2016.21.3.009","DOI":"10.17315\/kjhp.2016.21.3.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","unstructured":"Ryu J. Jun J. Lee S. J. Lee J. Chung I. J. Yoo M. S. (2018). Understanding experience of abuse and violence among children and youths: A life course perspective. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. https:\/\/repository.kihasa.re.kr\/handle\/201002\/32639"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnarrs P. W. Stone A. L. Salcido R. Georgiou C. Zhou X. Nemeroff C. B. (2020). The moderating effect of resilience on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and quality of physical and mental health among adult sexual and gender minorities. Behavioral Medicine 46(3\u20134) 366\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08964289.2020.1727406","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2020.1727406"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","volume-title":"Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well\u2013being","author":"Seligman M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seligman M. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well\u2013being. Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seon J. Cho H. Choi G. Son E. Allen J. Nelson A. Kwon I. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences intimate partner violence victimization and self-perceived health and depression among college students. Journal of Family Violence 37 691\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-021-00286-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00286-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","unstructured":"Shin W. Y. Kim M. G. Kim J. H. (2009). Developing measures of resilience for Korean adolescents and testing cross convergent and discriminant validity. Studies on Korean Youth 20(4) 105\u2013131. http:\/\/uci.or.kr\/G704-001385.2009.20.4.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim K. L. Gim W. S. (2019). A study on validity of Korean version of PERMA profiler (K\u2013PERMA). Journal of Arts Psychotherapy 15(4) 319\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32451\/KJOAPS.2019.15.4.319","DOI":"10.32451\/KJOAPS.2019.15.4.319"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su Y. D\u2019Arcy C. Meng X. (2020). Social support and positive coping skills as mediators buffering the impact of childhood maltreatment on psychological distress and positive mental health in adulthood: Analysis of a national population-based sample. American Journal of Epidemiology 189(5) 394\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwz275","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz275"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ulejov\u00e1 K. L\u00ed\u0161ka D. Lipt\u00e1kov\u00e1 E. Sz\u00e1ntov\u00e1 M. Patar\u00e1k M. Koller T. Batalik L. Makara M. Skladan\u00fd \u013d. (2022). Relationship between alcohol consumption and adverse childhood experiences in college students-A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology 13 1004651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1004651","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1004651"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tinajero R. Williams P. G. Cribbet M. R. Rau H. K. Silver M. A. Bride D. L. Suchy Y. (2020). Reported history of childhood trauma and stress-related vulnerability: Associations with emotion regulation executive functioning daily hassles and pre-sleep arousal. Stress and Health 36(4) 405\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2938","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2938"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L. Yu Z. Chen W. Zhang J. Bettencourt A. F. (2022). Higher exposure to childhood adversity associates with lower adult flourishing. BMC Public Health 22(1) 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13063-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13063-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon S. Pei F. Logan J. Helsabeck N. Hamby S. Slesnick N. (2022). Early childhood maltreatment and profiles of resilience among child welfare-involved children. Development and Psychopathology 35(2) 711\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579421001851","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421001851"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241291912","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605241291912","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605241291912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:48Z","timestamp":1777504728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605241291912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19-20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605241291912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241291912","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]}}}