{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:18:08Z","timestamp":1784139488339,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sexual assault is a widespread problem among institutions of higher education. Students whose gender and\/or sexuality are minoritized (GSM; non-cisgender and\/or non-heterosexual) are especially vulnerable to experiencing sexual assault and its negative consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A sense of belonging within the campus community can protect victims of sexual assault from negative psychological outcomes; however, no study to date has examined whether this aspect of a positive campus climate protects GSM victims, in particular, from developing more severe PTSD symptoms after sexual assault. We hypothesized that GSM victims would experience more severe PTSD symptoms than non-GSM victims after experiencing sexual assault and that their perceptions of campus climate would moderate this relationship. All undergraduate students from a public liberal arts college on the East Coast were asked to participate in an online survey about their history of sexual assault and emotional well-being. Of those who completed the survey, approximately 18% reported a history of sexual assault (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009146). GSM victims of sexual assault reported more severe PTSD symptoms than non-GSM victims; however, a significant interaction showed that PTSD symptoms were similar for GSM and non-GSM victims with high ratings of campus climate. Thus, positive perceptions of campus climate protected GSM students from experiencing more severe PTSD symptoms. These findings inform administrative efforts by suggesting the need for more inclusive support resources (i.e., crisis centers and orientation materials), curricula, and community spaces for GSM students.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241297314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T05:52:06Z","timestamp":1730958726000},"page":"4884-4894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["I Belong: Gender and Sexuality Minoritized Students\u2019 Positive Perceptions of Campus Climate Protect Against PTSD Following Sexual Assault"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Bilal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of New Jersey, Ewing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Herres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of New Jersey, Ewing, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blevins C. A. Weathers F. W. Davis M. T. Witte T. K. Domino J. L. (2015). The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress 28(6) 489\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22059","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Report on the AAU campus climate survey on sexual assault and sexual misconduct","author":"Cantor D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cantor D., Fisher B., Chibnall S., Townsend R., et al. (2020). Report on the AAU campus climate survey on sexual assault and sexual misconduct. Association of American Universities (AAU)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Cusano J. Li K. W. C. McMahon S. (2020). Key Findings from the #iSpeak Campus Climate Survey. https:\/\/\/\/oasa.rbhs.rutgers.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/RWJ-Campus-Climate-Report-2020.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards K. Littleton H. Sylaska K. Crossman A. Craig M. (2016). College campus community readiness to address intimate partner violence among LGBTQ young adults: A conceptual and empirical examination. American Journal of Community Psychology 58(1\u20132) 16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajcp.12068","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Human Rights Campaign. (2023). LGBTQ+ Americans under attack: A report and reflection on the 2023 state legislative session. Human Rights Campaign. https:\/\/\/\/hrc-prod-requests.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Anti-LGBTQ-Legislation-Impact-Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansen V. A. Milde A. M. Nilsen R. M. Breivik K. Nordanger D. \u00d8. Stormark K. M. Weis\u00e6th L. (2022). The relationship between perceived social support and PTSD symptoms after exposure to physical assault: An 8 years longitudinal study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(9\u201310) NP7679\u2013NP7706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520970314","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520970314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kammer-Kerwick M. Wang A. McClain T. Hoefer S. Swartout K. M. Backes B. Busch-Armendariz N. (2021). Sexual violence among gender and sexual minority college students: The risk and extent of victimization and related health and educational outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(21\u201322) 10499\u201310526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519883866","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519883866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler R. C. Aguilar-Gaxiola S. Alonso J. Benjet C. Bromet E. J. Cardoso G. Degenhardt L. de Girolamo G. Dinolova R. V. Ferry F. Florescu S. Gureje O. Haro J. P. Huang Y. Karam E. G. Kawakami N. Lee S. Lepine J.-P. Levinson D. . . . Koenen K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 8(Suppl 5) 1353383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koss M. P. Oros C. J. (1982). Sexual Experiences Survey: A research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 50(3) 455\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.50.3.455","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.50.3.455"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer I. H. (2013). Prejudice social stress and mental health in lesbian gay and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 1(Suppl) 3\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/2329-0382.1.S.3","DOI":"10.1037\/2329-0382.1.S.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodford M. R. Kulick A. Atteberry B. (2015). Protective factors campus climate and health outcomes among sexual minority college students. 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