{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:08:18Z","timestamp":1787018898174,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NPO research fund","award":["14000040.002.022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14000040.002.022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    University students are often victims of sexual assault (SA) with a wide range of severity, but they are the least likely to disclose the assault or to take any concrete (legal) steps against the perpetrator. Prior work reported 13 main factors that influence university students\u2019 choice of reaction post-assault: (a) Fear of personal consequences, (b) distrust in authorities, (c) downplay of assault severity, (d) psychological factors, (e) situational factors, (f) lack of evidence, (g) emotional factors, (h) fear of interpersonal consequences, (i) social factors, (j) giving a benefit of doubt, (k) seeking justice, (l) needing support, and (m) presence of witnesses. In this experimental study, we included a student sample pre-screened not to have a history of SA (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009419), and we provided them with a vignette. Vignettes were either neutral (control condition,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200932) or manipulated to present each of listed factors (13 conditions, 26\u2009&lt;\u2009\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      n\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u200933). Students were randomly assigned to 1 of 14 conditions in total and were asked to imagine being a protagonist who was assaulted and to rate the likelihood of 8 different post-SA reactions (tell friends, tell family, confront the person, report, police report, do nothing, try to forget, and [falsely] deny). We investigated to see which of the 13 factors had the most impact on each of the reactions. Overall, our results indicate that, when comparing the manipulation groups to the neutral condition, social factors (e.g., religious family, stigma) have the highest impact on students\u2019 decision-making post-assault. Social factors increase the likelihood of all passive reactions (e.g., false denial,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">contrast<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.82,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and decrease the odds of taking pro-active actions (e.g., making the report,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">contrast<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.96,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.002). The implications and the limitations of this study are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605251319008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T01:59:54Z","timestamp":1740362394000},"page":"1152-1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Individual and Context-Related Factors on Students\u2019 Reactions After Sexual Assault: A Vignette Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Bo\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3469-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"de Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5109-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonie","family":"Maatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Orthey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2007.00329.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Amnesty International Netherlands. (2021). Studenten over verkrachting. https:\/\/www.ioresearch.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/amnesty_io_rapport-verkrachting-studenten-def.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"APPG for UN Women. (2021 March). Prevalence and reporting of sexual harassment in UK public spaces: A report by the APPG for UN Women. UN Women UK. https:\/\/www.unwomenuk.org\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/APPG-UN-Women-Sexual-Harassment-Report_Updated.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211005148"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283554"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2014). Special report: Rape and sexual assault victimization among college-age females 1995\u20132013 (NCJ 248471). U.S. Department of Justice. http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/rsavcaf9513.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Cantor D. Fisher B. Chibnall S. Harps S. Townsend R. Thomas G. et al. (2020). Report on the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct. Association of American Universities. https:\/\/www.aau.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/AAU-Files\/Key-Issues\/CampusSafety\/Revised%20Aggregate%20report%20%20and%20appendices%201-7_(01-16-2020_FINAL).pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2016.1235578"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000374"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517726414"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","unstructured":"European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014). Violence against women: An EU-wide survey. https:\/\/fra.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/fra_uploads\/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results-apr14_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul F. Erdfelder E. Buchner A. Lang A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using GPower 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41 1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854802239161"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman-Brown T. B. Edelstein R. S. Goodman G. S. Jones D. P. H. Gordon D. S. (2003). Why children tell: A model of children\u2019s disclosure of sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect 27 525\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0145-2134(03)00037-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(03)00037-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-023-00870-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland K. J. (2020). Correlates of college women\u2019s intentions to use formal campus supports for sexual assault. Psychology of Violence 10(2) 245\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000240","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000240"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffe A. E. Blayney J. A. Schallert M. R. Edwards M. E. Dworkin E. R. (2022). Social network changes and disclosure responses after sexual assault. Psychology of Women Quarterly 46 299\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03616843221085213","DOI":"10.1177\/03616843221085213"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016673601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-6402.00103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v5.a19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","volume-title":"Campus climate survey validation study","author":"Krebs C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krebs C., Lindquist C., Berzofsky M., Shook-Sa B., Peterson K., Planty M., Stroop J. (2016). Campus climate survey validation study (Final technical report). BJS, Office of Justice Programs."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518805777"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801212440017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516632357"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","volume-title":"Criminal victimization, 2016: revised","author":"Morgan R. E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan R. E., Kena G. (2018). Criminal victimization, 2016: revised. Bureau of Justice Statistics 30."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Justice. (2010 October 25). Overview of rape and sexual violence. U.S. Department of Justice. https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/topics\/articles\/overview-rape-and-sexual-violence"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","unstructured":"National Union of Students. (2010). Hidden Marks: A study of women students\u2019 experiences of harassment stalking violence and sexual assault. https:\/\/www.nusconnect.org.uk\/resources\/hidden-marks-astudy-of-women-students-experiences-of-harassment-stalking-violence-and-sexual-assault"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","unstructured":"National Union of Students. (2019). Sexual violence in further education. https:\/\/www.nusconnect.org.uk\/resources\/sexual-violence-in-further-education-report"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801212442917"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"839","article-title":"College women\u2019s likelihood to report unwanted sexual experiences to campus agencies: Trends and correlates","volume":"18","author":"Orchowski L. M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Orchowski L. M., Meyer D. H., Gidycz C. A. (2009). College women\u2019s likelihood to report unwanted sexual experiences to campus agencies: Trends and correlates. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18, 839\u2013858.","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orchowski L. M. Untied A. S. Gidycz C. A. (2013). Social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization and adjustment among survivors of sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28 2005\u20132023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260512471085","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512471085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012231176206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014521322"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2020.1796872"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","volume-title":"Rape and sexual assault victimization among college-age females, 1995\u20132013","author":"Sinozich S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sinozich S., Langton L. (2014). Rape and sexual assault victimization among college-age females, 1995\u20132013. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics."}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605251319008","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605251319008","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605251319008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:19:04Z","timestamp":1777504744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605251319008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605251319008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605251319008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]}}}