{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:38:47Z","timestamp":1777855127482,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH119878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a documented relationship between adolescent males\u2019 experience of childhood violence and later perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV); however, less is known about how this connection occurs. Analysis of 38 in-depth interviews with male adolescents from Soweto, South Africa was conducted to understand how they made sense of their experiences of household violence, IPV, and the link between the two. Framework analysis was used to compare experiences and perceptions within and among participants. Participants in this study described a range of violence from their caregivers, including being neglected, regularly insulted, and beaten with a belt. Despite many having experienced some violence in their childhood homes, most participants reported not having been physically violent toward or yelling regularly at their girlfriends; instead, they described efforts to keep themselves calm when their girlfriends were verbally or physically aggressive. The main reasons cited for avoiding the use of violence were a conscious decision to act differently than the caregivers who had hurt them and a strong sense of their moral duty as men to take care of their partners. While not recognized as IPV by the participants, elements of emotional abuse and controlling behavior emerged in their accounts of interactions with their girlfriends, the explanations for which were based in experiences of emotional volatility and beliefs about masculinity learned in the home. Findings suggest possible avenues for primary prevention of IPV with male adolescents, such as programs focused on building skills in conflict de-escalation and emotional regulation and\/or on creating more positive norms around masculinity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605251384899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T10:22:07Z","timestamp":1761906127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cThey Say A Woman Has to Be Beaten Up in Order to Show That You Love Her, But I Don\u2019t See It That Way\u201d: South African Adolescent Males\u2019 Experiences of Household Violence and Their Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5915-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy C.","family":"Hammock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janan J.","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lerato","family":"Tsotetsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elton","family":"Mboneli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asanda","family":"Sipapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0286-1392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Campion","family":"Zharima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Vermaak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busisiwe","family":"Nkala-Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avy","family":"Violari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Kidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"Social learning theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Dating violence and self-efficacy for delayed sex among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Boafo I. M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boafo I. M., Dagbanu E. A., Asante K. O. (2014). Dating violence and self-efficacy for delayed sex among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 18(2), 46\u201357.","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8115-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"7275","article-title":"Love, discipline, punishment or wife battering: A view from Ubuntu","volume":"14","author":"Chisale S. S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chisale S. S. (2016). Love, discipline, punishment or wife battering: A view from Ubuntu. Gender and Behaviour, 14, 7275\u20137283.","journal-title":"Gender and Behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciesinski N. K. Sorgi-Wilson K. M. Cheung J. C. Chen E. Y. McCloskey M. S. (2022). The effect of dialectical behavior therapy on anger and aggressive behavior: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 154 104122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook C. L. Howard S. J. Cuartas J. Makaula H. Merkley R. Mshudulu M. Tshetu N. Scerif G. Draper C. E. (2022). Child exposure to violence and self-regulation in South African preschool-age children from low-income settings. Child Abuse & Neglect 134 105944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105944"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Exner-Cortens D. Camacho Soto J. N. Yeates K. O. van Donkelaar P. Craig W. M. (2024). The association between teen dating violence and concussion. Journal of Adolescent Health 75(6) 939\u2013946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2024.07.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2024.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gale N. K. Heath G. Cameron E. Rashid S. Redwood S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology 13 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017692382"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamberger L. K. Larsen S. E. (2015). Men\u2019s and women\u2019s experience of intimate partner violence: A review of ten years of comparative studies in clinical samples: Part I. Journal of Family Violence 30 699\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-015-9732-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9732-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112637"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020939119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillis S. Mercy J. Amobi A. Kress H. (2016). Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics 137(3) e20154079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-4079.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain M. M. Sultana A. Fan Q. Ma P. Purohit N. (2024). Prevalence and determinants of dating violence: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Authorea Preprints. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31124\/advance.11492703.v1","DOI":"10.31124\/advance.11492703.v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980024001174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jewkes R. Sikweyiya Y. Morrell R. Dunkle K. (2011). Gender inequitable masculinity and sexual entitlement in rape perpetration South Africa: Findings of a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 6(12) e29590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029590"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman-Parks A. M. Longmore M. A. Manning W. D. Giordano P. C. (2023). Understanding the effect of adverse childhood experiences on the risk of engaging in physical violence toward an intimate partner: The influence of relationship social psychological and sociodemographic contextual risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect 144 106381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106381"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourti A. Stavridou A. Panagouli E. Psaltopoulou T. Spiliopoulou C. Tsolia M. Sergentanis T. N. Tsitsika A. (2023). Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 24(2) 719\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380211038690.","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211038690"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S. Zhao F. Yu G. (2020). A meta-analysis of childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior 50 101362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2019.101362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.101362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","volume-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder","author":"Linehan M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Linehan M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Gilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhi N. Oliffe J. L. Bungay V. Kelly M. T. (2020). Male perpetration of adolescent dating violence: A scoping review. American Journal of Men's Health 14(5) 1557988320963600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988320963600","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988320963600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merrill K. G. Campbell J. C. Kennedy C. E. Burke V. M. Miti S. Frimpong C. Decker M. R. Abrams E. A. Mwanza J. K. Denison J. A. (2022). \u201cSo hurt and broken\u201d: A qualitative study of experiences of violence and HIV outcomes among Zambian youth living with HIV. Global Public Health 17(3) 444\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2020.1864749","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1864749"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mootz J. J. Spencer C. M. Ettelbrick J. Kann B. Fortunato dos Santos P. Palmer M. Stith S. M. (2023). Risk markers for victimization and perpetration of male-to-female physical intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis. Trauma Violence & Abuse 24(5) 3433\u20133444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221129589","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221129589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris A. S. Silk J. S. Steinberg L. Myers S. S. Robinson L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development 16(2) 361\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payet J. P. Franchi V. (2008). The rights of the child and \u201cthe good of the learners\u201d: A comparative ethnographical survey on the abolition of corporal punishment in South African schools. Childhood 15(2) 157\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0907568207088420","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568207088420"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ran G. Zhang Q. Zhang Q. Li J. Chen J. (2022). The association between child abuse and aggressive behavior: A three-level meta-analysis. Trauma Violence & Abuse 24(5) 3461\u20133475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221129596","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221129596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i3.12661"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203413081_chapter_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy C. M. Bukuluki P. Casey S. E. Jagun M. O. John N. A. Mabhena N. Mwangi M. McGovern T. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on gender-based violence prevention and response services in Kenya Uganda Nigeria and South Africa: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Women\u2019s Health 2 780771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2021.780771","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.780771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23923\/pap.psicol2017.2831"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell K. N. Voith L. A. (2025). Applying an intergenerational lens to the associations between childhood intimate partner violence exposure child maltreatment and adolescent dating violence perpetration. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-025-01026-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-025-01026-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardinha L. Maheu-Giroux M. St\u00f6ckl H. Meyer S. R. Garc\u00eda-Moreno C. (2022). Global regional and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual or both intimate partner violence against women in 2018. The Lancet 399(10327) 803\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamu S. Gevers A. Mahlangu B. P. Jama Shai P. N. Chirwa E. D. Jewkes R. K. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors for intimate partner violence among Grade 8 learners in urban South Africa: Baseline analysis from the Skhokho Supporting Success cluster randomised controlled trial. International Health 8(1) 18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv068","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12280"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa. (2022). General household survey 2021 [media release]. https:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/?p=15482"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiegler N. Bouchard J-P. (2020). South Africa: Challenges and successes of the COVID-19 lockdown. Annales M\u00e9dico-Psychologiques 178 695\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amp.2020.05.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amp.2020.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","volume-title":"Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family","author":"Straus M. A.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Straus M. A., Gelles R. J., Steinmentz S. K. (1980). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. Anchor Press\/Doubleday."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swedo E. A. Sumner S. A. Hillis S. D. Aluzimbi G. Apondi R. Atuchukwu V. O. Auld A. F. Chipimo P. J. Conkling M. Egbe O. E. Kalanda M. S. Mapoma C. C. Phiri E. Wasula L. N. Massetti G. M. (2019). Prevalence of violence victimization and perpetration among person aged 13\u201324 years\u2014Four Sub-Saharan African countries 2013\u20132015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6815a3.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6815a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taquette S. R. Maia Monteiro D. L. (2019). Causes and consequences of adolescent dating violence: A systematic review. Journal of Injury & Violence Research 11(2) 137\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5249\/jivr.v11i2.1061","DOI":"10.5249\/jivr.v11i2.1061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsunga L. Lake M. Halligan S. L. Malcolm-Smith S. Hoffman N. Heron J. Zar H. Fraser A. Donald K. Stein D. J. (2023). Early childhood violence exposure in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS). Wellcome Open Research 8(36). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18598.2","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18598.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040194"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood L. Baumler E. PettyJohn M. E. Temple J. R. (2024) Teen dating violence and the COVID-19 pandemic: Trends from a longitudinal study in Texas. Injury Prevention 30(6) 481\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2023-045115","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2023-045115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","volume-title":"The adolescent health indicators recommended by the global action for measurement of adolescent health: Guidance for monitoring adolescent health at country, regional and global levels","author":"World Health Organization [WHO]","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. (2024). The adolescent health indicators recommended by the global action for measurement of adolescent health: Guidance for monitoring adolescent health at country, regional and global levels. Geneva (license: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zharima C. Singh R. Closson K. Beksinska M. Zulu B. Jesson J. Pakhomova T. Dong E. Dietrich J. Kaida A. Basham C. A. (2024). Economic hardship and perpetration of intimate partner violence by young me in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021\u20132022): A cross-sectional study. Injury Epidemiology 11(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40621-024-00483-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-024-00483-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605251384899","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605251384899","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605251384899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:19:57Z","timestamp":1777504797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605251384899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605251384899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605251384899","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"article-number":"08862605251384899"}}