{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:40:24Z","timestamp":1777855224419,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD108054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD108054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AA007477-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AA007477-29"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Firearm carriage is a significant risk factor for adolescent injury and violence. Prior research shows variability in antecedent factors of firearm carriage, but less is known about differential mechanisms of carriage by social identity and sociodemographic features. Identifying factors at the intersection of rurality and sex can inform tailored prevention and intervention strategies. Guided by General Strain and Resiliency Theories, this study examined risk and protective factors influencing firearm carriage using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015\u20132019) for adolescents aged 12 to 17. Bivariate and multivariate Poisson models estimated the associations between these factors, handgun carriage, by sex, and rurality. Weighted analyses were conducted to account for the survey design. In this sample, 2.14% of females and 6.74% of males reported past-year handgun carriage, with higher rates among rural adolescents. Adult encouragement was negatively associated with female carriage (incident rate ratios [IRR]\u2009=\u20090.804,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) but positively with male carriage (IRR\u2009=\u20091.265,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Antisocial behavior was the strongest predictor of carriage for both sexes but had a 2.5 times greater impact on females (female IRR\u2009=\u200932.901, male IRR\u2009=\u200912.905, both\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Among females, the effect of antisocial behavior on carriage was 3.4 times larger in urban than rural settings. The protective effect of adult encouragement persisted for urban and rural females but not for small urban females. Despite lower overall carriage rates among females, the risk factors, particularly antisocial behavior, have a stronger impact on them. These findings suggest the need to identify early precursors to carriage for designing tailored interventions aimed at reducing firearm-related risks and violence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605251414443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T04:08:32Z","timestamp":1769314112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variations in Trends and Risk and Promotive Correlates of Adolescent Handgun Carriage by Sex and Rurality From a Nationally Representative Survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1724-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elyse J.","family":"Thulin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainab","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Seewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Coughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Public Use File Codebook. (2021). Center for behavioral health statistics and quality substance abuse and mental health services administration. https:\/\/www.datafiles.samhsa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/field-uploads-protected\/studies\/NSDUH-2020\/NSDUH-2020-datasets\/NSDUH-2020-DS0001\/NSDUH-2020-DS0001-info\/NSDUH-2020-DS0001-info-codebook.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"2022 Outdoor Participation Trends Report. (2022). Outdoor foundation. https:\/\/outdoorindustry.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/2022-Outdoor-Participation-Trends-Report-1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnew R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology 30(1) 47\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"Agnew R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/AGNPIC"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beardslee J. Docherty M. Mulvey E. Schubert C. Pardini D. (2018). Childhood risk factors associated with adolescent gun carrying among Black and White males: An examination of self-protection social influence and antisocial propensity explanations. Law and Human Behavior 42(2) 110\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000270","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000270"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benhorin S. McMahon S. D. (2008). Exposure to violence and aggression: Protective roles of social support among urban African American youth. Journal of Community Psychology 36(6) 723\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.20252","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20252"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buttrick N. Mazen J. (2022). Historical prevalence of slavery predicts contemporary American gun ownership. PNAS Nexus 1(3) Article pgac117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac117","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carey N. Coley R. L. (2022). Prevalence of adolescent handgun carriage: 2002\u20132019. Pediatrics 149(5) Article e2021054472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-054472","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-054472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicognani E. Zani B. Fournier B. Gavray C. Born M. (2012). Gender differences in youths\u2019 political engagement and participation. The role of parents and of adolescents\u2019 social and civic participation. Journal of Adolescence 35(3) 561\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2011.10.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2011.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong B. Wiebe D. J. (2018). Violence and beyond: Life-course features of handgun carrying in the urban United States and the associated long-term life consequences. Journal of Criminal Justice 54 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2017.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly K. A. Rucker A. Boyle M. D. Fornari M. J. Badolato G. M. Goyal M. K. (2022). Experiencing bullying is associated with firearm access weapon carriage depression marijuana use and justice involvement in adolescents. Pediatric Emergency Care 38(2) e918\u2013e923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002473","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732X026001113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisman A. B. Lee D. B. Hsieh H.-F. Stoddard S. A. Zimmerman M. A. (2018). More than just keeping busy: The protective effects of organized activity participation on violence and substance use among urban youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47(10) 2231\u20132242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-018-0868-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0868-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","unstructured":"FBI: UCR. (2019). Table 16. Crime in the United States [Government]. https:\/\/ucr.fbi.gov\/crime-in-the-u.s\/2019\/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019\/tables\/table-16\/table-16.xls"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey A. Ruchkin V. Martin A. Schwab-Stone M. (2009). Adolescents in transition: School and family characteristics in the development of violent behaviors entering high school. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 40(1) 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-008-0105-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-008-0105-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","unstructured":"Giffords Law Center. (2024). Minimum age. https:\/\/giffords.org\/gun-laws\/policy-areas\/who-can-have-a-gun\/minimum-age\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henrich C. C. Brookmeyer K. A. Shahar G. (2005). Weapon violence in adolescence: Parent and school connectedness as protective factors. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 37(4) 306\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.03.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.03.022"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Specifying the dynamic relationships of general strain, coping and young adult crime","volume":"13","author":"Huck J. L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huck J. L., Lee D. R., Bowen K. N., Spraitz J. D., Bowers J. H.Jr. (2012). Specifying the dynamic relationships of general strain, coping and young adult crime. Western Criminology Review, 13(2), 25\u201345.","journal-title":"Western Criminology Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee D. B. Schmidt C. J. Heinze J. E. Carter P. M. Cunningham R. M. Walton M. A. Zimmerman M. A. (2022). Retaliatory attitudes as mediator of exposure to violence and firearm aggression among youth: The protective role of organized activity involvement. Developmental Psychology 58(5) 990\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0001339","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001339"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loughran T. A. Reid J. A. Collins M. E. Mulvey E. P. (2016). Effect of gun carrying on perceptions of risk among adolescent offenders. American Journal of Public Health 106(2) 350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302971","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302971"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2001.00714.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masfety V. K. Woodward M. J. Keyes K. Bitfoi A. Carta M. G. Ko\u00e7 C. Lesinskiene S. Mihova Z. Otten R. Husky M. (2021). Gender the gender gap and their interaction; Analysis of relationships with children\u2019s mental health problems. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 56(6) 1049\u20131057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01950-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01950-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masten A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. The American Psychologist 56(3) 227\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066x.56.3.227","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott R. C. Brasil K. M. Barinas J. L. Borgogna N. C. (2021). Associations between men\u2019s and women\u2019s conformity to masculine role norms and firearm ownership: Contributions beyond race gender and political ideology. Psychology of Men & Masculinities 22(2) 227\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000341","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000341"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molnar B. E. Miller M. J. Azrael D. Buka S. L. (2004). Neighborhood predictors of concealed firearm carrying among children and adolescents: Results from the project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 158(7) 657\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.657","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.657"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","unstructured":"Nadeem R. (2023 August 16). For most U.S. gun owners protection is the main reason they own a gun. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/politics\/2023\/08\/16\/for-most-u-s-gun-owners-protection-is-the-main-reason-they-own-a-gun\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor K. E. Kj\u00e6rvik S. L. Sullivan T. N. Thomson N. D. (2025). Relations between developmental assets and youth gun violence. Youth & Society 57(8) 1471\u20131489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0044118X251332648","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X251332648"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor K. E. Sullivan T. N. Ross K. M. (2023). Individual- and peer-level risk and protective factors for gun carriage among adolescents living in low-income urban communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(7\u20138) 5564\u20135590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221124252","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221124252"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliphant S. N. Mouch C. A. Rowhani-Rahbar A. Hargarten S. Jay J. Hemenway D. Zimmerman M. Carter P. M. (2019). A scoping review of patterns motives and risk and protective factors for adolescent firearm carriage. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 42(4) 763\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-019-00048-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00048-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oosterhoff B. Metzger A. Alvis L. (2020). Similarities and differences in adolescents\u2019 organized and civic activity networks across rural and non-rural communities. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49(7) 1464\u20131480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-019-01165-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01165-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson A. Stein J. A. Schaefer-Rohleder L. (2010). Effects of hurricane katrina and other adverse life events on adolescent female offenders: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 47(4) 469\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427810375577","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427810375577"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross K. M. Walsh C. S. O\u2019Connor K. E. Sullivan T. N. (2023). Ecological promotive and protective factors deterring gun carriage for young adults living in communities with high rates of community violence. Journal of Community Psychology 51(3) 1164\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.23008","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.23008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruggles K. V. Rajan S. (2014). Gun possession among American youth: A discovery-based approach to understand gun violence. PLoS One 9(11) Article e111893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0111893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111893"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salk R. H. Hyde J. S. Abramson L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin 143(8) 783\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000102","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schleimer J. P. Gause E. Dalve K. Ellyson A. Rowhani-Rahbar A. (2023). Rural-urban variation in the association of adolescent violence and handgun carrying in the United States 2002\u20132019. JAMA Network Open 6(2) Article e231153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1153","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon T. R. Richardson J. L. Dent C. W. Chou C. P. Flay B. R. (1998). Prospective psychosocial interpersonal and behavioral predictors of handgun carrying among adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 88(6) 960\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.88.6.960","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.6.960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol R. L. Carter P. M. Goldstick J. Miller A. L. Walton M. A. Zimmerman M. A. Cunningham R. M. (2020). Within-person variability in firearm carriage among high-risk youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 59(3) 386\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol R. L. Haasz M. Zimmerman M. A. Cunningham R. M. Carter P. M. (2023). The association between witnessing firearm violence and firearm carriage: Results from a national study of teens. Preventive Medicine 171 Article 107516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107516"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoddard S. A. Epstein-Ngo Q. Walton M. A. Zimmerman M. A. Chermack S. T. Blow F. C. Booth B. M. Cunningham R. M. (2015). Substance use and violence among youth: A daily calendar analysis. Substance Use & Misuse 50(3) 328\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2014.980953","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.980953"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stryker J. S. T. Schmidt N. B. (2024). Threats to masculinity provoke gun use: An experimental study using a firearm training simulator. Psychology of Men & Masculinities 26(3) 410\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000501","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000501"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tigri H. B. Reid S. Turner M. G. Devinney J. M. (2016). Investigating the relationship between gang membership and carrying a firearm: Results from a National sample. American Journal of Criminal Justice 41(2) 168\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12103-015-9297-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-015-9297-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2020). National Survey on drug use and health years survey included Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM)- Related questions. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/files\/document\/sgm-clearinghouse-nsduh-updated.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaughn M. G. Nelson E. J. Salas-Wright C. P. DeLisi M. Qian Z. (2016). Handgun carrying among White youth increasing in the United States: New evidence from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2002\u20132013. Preventive Medicine 88 127\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.03.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","unstructured":"Violence Policy Center. (2022). Gun ownership in America: 1973 to 2021. https:\/\/www.vpc.org\/studies\/ownership.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh C. S. Ross K. M. Bishop D. L. Sullivan T. N. (2023). Identifying protective factors that mitigate relations between experiences with violence and gun carriage for Black young adults living in economically marginalized urban communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(15\u201316) 8921\u20138945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231162883","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231162883"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward J. A. Valek R. A. Jones V. C. Crifasi C. K. (2024). Reasons for gun ownership among demographically diverse new and prior gun owners. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 67(5) 730\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.06.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren J. C. Smalley K. B. Barefoot K. N. (2017). Recent alcohol tobacco and substance use variations between rural and urban middle and high school students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 26(1) 60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1067828X.2016.1210550","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2016.1210550"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts S. J. (2019). Gun carrying and gun victimization among American adolescents: A fresh look at a nationally representative sample. Victims & Offenders 14(1) 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564886.2018.1536005","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2018.1536005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuan Z. Hemenway D. (2015). State gun law environment and youth gun carrying in the United States. JAMA Pediatrics 169(11) 1024\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2116","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y. (2023). Gun carrying among US adolescents: The mutual impact of violence experiences safety concerns and substance use behaviors. Public Health 223 87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.07.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman M. A. (2013). Resiliency theory: A strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education 40(4) 381\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198113493782","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198113493782"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605251414443","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605251414443","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605251414443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:20:20Z","timestamp":1777504820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605251414443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605251414443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605251414443","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"article-number":"08862605251414443"}}