{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:37:13Z","timestamp":1777855033715,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2023S1A5B5A17086517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2023S1A5B5A17086517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study applied network analysis to examine the internal structure of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and to develop a network-derived structural framework for prevention and intervention. Using nationally representative data (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094,008), we estimated the sex-stratified networks of the 13 ACE domains. Results revealed clustered structures and bridging mechanisms that linked distinct ACE domains. Emotional abuse and witnessing domestic violence consistently emerged as sex-invariant anchors with high centrality and bridging influence. In addition, we identified sex-differentiated cascade pathways, which we term \u201cabuse-driven cascading victimization\u201d in men and \u201cneglect-driven cascading victimization\u201d in women, as well as a shared \u201cpsychosocial risk environment\u201d community that reflected common vulnerabilities across sexes. Building on these findings, we developed a structural framework of the ACE model comprising three strata: Public Awareness, Implicit Awareness, and the Social Unconscious, capturing gradients of visibility and clinical detectability. Refined through expert consultation, the model underscores how covert adversities function as gateways to broader ACE networks and clarifies leverage points for screening, targeted prevention, and multisystem coordination. By integrating network metrics with a structural framework, this approach advances beyond cumulative scores or latent class models, and offers an actionable framework for early detection, differentiated intervention, and policy innovation in child maltreatment prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605261426592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:52:22Z","timestamp":1773942742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping the Structures of Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Network Analysis and a Sex-Differentiated Structural Framework for Prevention and Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1487-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonbeom","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Welfare, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumin","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Intellius, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anda R. F. Felitti V. J. Bremner J. D. Walker J. D. Whitfield C. H. Perry B. D. Dube S. R. Giles W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256(3) 174\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borsboom D. Cramer A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9(1) 91\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown D. W. Anda R. F. Tiemeier H. Felitti V. J. Edwards V. J. Croft J. B. Giles W. H. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37(5) 389\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.06.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgos-Benavides L. Cano-Lozano M. C. Suevos-Rodr\u00edguez I. Bustos-Ben\u00edtez P. Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz F. J. (2025). Mediating effects of exposure to violence in different contexts of child-to-parent violence: Validation of the exposure to violence scale. Children 12(4) 409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12040409","DOI":"10.3390\/children12040409"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson J. S. Yohannan J. Darr C. L. Turley M. R. Larez N. A. Perfect M. M. (2020). Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in school-aged youth: A systematic review (1990\u20132015). International Journal of School & Educational Psychology 8(sup1) 2\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21683603.2018.1548397","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2018.1548397"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colley D. Seidler J. Rollb\u00fchler P. Rasch L. K\u00fcppers L. Gahr B. Mayatepek E. De Bock F. (2024). Systematic review of child maltreatment screening tools used by different occupational groups: A study protocol. BMJ Open 14(11) Article e089623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089623"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The igraph software","volume":"1695","author":"Csardi G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Csardi G., Nepusz T. (2006). The igraph software. Complex Syst, 1695, 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Complex Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries T. R. Arends I. Rod N. H. Oldehinkel A. J. B\u00fcltmann U. (2022). Proposing network analysis for early life adversity: An application on life event data. Social Science & Medicine 296 Article 114784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114784"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epskamp S. Borsboom D. Fried E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods 50(1) 195\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti V. J. Anda R. F. Nordenberg D. Williamson D. F. Spitz A. M. Edwards V. Marks J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14(4) 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gershoff E. T. Lee S. J. Durrant J. E. (2017). Promising intervention strategies to reduce parents\u2019 use of physical punishment. Child Abuse & Neglect 71 9\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glouchkow A. Weegar K. Romano E. (2023). Teachers\u2019 responses to child maltreatment. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma 16(1) 95\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40653-022-00473-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-022-00473-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godoy S. M. Hall W. J. Cal T. Bath E. P. Abrams L. S. Goode R. W. Jensen T. M. Chapman M. V. (2025). Children\u2019s pathways into commercial sexual exploitation in the United States: A systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 26(5) 955\u2013970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241297420","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241297420"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haskins A. R. (2015). Paternal incarceration and child-reported behavioral functioning at age 9. Social Science Research 52 18\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2015.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho G. W. Gross D. A. Bettencourt A. (2017). Universal mandatory reporting policies and the odds of identifying child physical abuse. American Journal of Public Health 107(5) 709\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303667","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoogsteder L. M. ten Thije L. Schippers E. E. Stams G. J. J. (2022). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of EMDR and TF-CBT in reducing trauma symptoms and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 66(6\u20137) 735\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X211010290","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X211010290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jedd K. Hunt R. H. Cicchetti D. Hunt E. Cowell R. A. Rogosch F. A. Toth S. L. Thomas K. M. (2015). Long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment: Altered amygdala functional connectivity. Development and Psychopathology 27(4pt2) 1577\u20131589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579415000954","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000954"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim M. Choi H. (2020). Central symptoms of borderline personality and comorbidity with depressive symptoms: A network analysis. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 39(4) 257\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15842\/kjcp.2020.39.4.001","DOI":"10.15842\/kjcp.2020.39.4.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J. Cicchetti D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment emotion regulation peer relations and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51(6) 706\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J. Kim J. Y. Lee J. (2025). Assessing the effectiveness of TSL program for runaway and homeless youth. Research on Social Work Practice. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731525133523","DOI":"10.1177\/10497315251335239"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee A. H. Brown E. J. (2022). Examining the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on children and adolescents\u2019 executive function. Child Abuse & Neglect 126 Article 105516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105516"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee C. Cao J. Eagen-Torkko M. Mohammed S. A. (2023). Network analysis of adverse childhood experiences and cardiovascular diseases. SSM-Population Health 22 Article 101358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101358"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manhica H. Ystr\u00f6m E. Berg L. (2024). Parental substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions in offspring: A registry-based study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 170 15\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.09.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin K. A. Lambert H. K. (2017). Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology 14 29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller L. E. Bertsch K. B\u00fclau K. Herpertz S. C. Buchheim A. (2019). Emotional neglect in childhood shapes social dysfunctioning in adults by influencing the oxytocin and the attachment system: Results from a population-based study. International Journal of Psychophysiology 136 73\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesin S. M. Sharma K. Burghate K. N. Anthony M. (2025). Neurobiology of emotional regulation in cyberbullying victims. Frontiers in Psychology 16 Article 1473807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1473807","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1473807"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shields J. D. Graves B. D. Mowbray O. P. (2023). Sex differences in childhood maltreatment inflammation and adulthood depression: A network analysis. Brain Behavior & Immunity-Health 29 Article 100611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100611"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkinson R. Jong S. T. Hanson S. (2024). Subtle or covert abuse within intimate partner relationships: A scoping review. Trauma Violence & Abuse 25(5) 4090\u20134101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241268643","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241268643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peverill M. Sheridan M. A. Busso D. S. McLaughlin K. A. (2019). Atypical prefrontal-amygdala circuitry following childhood exposure to abuse: Links with adolescent psychopathology. Child Maltreatment 24(4) 411\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559519852676","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559519852676"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilkington P. D. Bishop A. Younan R. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 28(3) 569\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2533","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2533"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pons P. Latapy M. (2005 October). Computing communities in large networks using random walks. In International symposium on computer and information sciences (pp. 284\u2013293). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11569596_31","DOI":"10.1007\/11569596_31"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price M. Legrand A. C. Brier Z. M. H\u00e9bert-Dufresne L. (2019). The symptoms at the center: Examining the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder generalized anxiety disorder and depression with network analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research 109 52\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.11.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raz M. (2020). Calling child protectives services is a form of community policing that should be used appropriately: Time to engage mandatory reporters as to the harmful effects of unnecessary reports. Children and Youth Services Review 110 Article 104817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104817"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinaugh D. J. Millner A. J. McNally R. J. (2016). Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 125(6) 747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000181","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosvall M. Bergstrom C. T. (2008). Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(4) 1118\u20131123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0706851105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706851105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","unstructured":"Ryu G. Kim S. Lee J. & KIHASA. (2017). The 2017 child and family life experience survey. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. https:\/\/www.kihasa.re.kr\/publish\/report\/research\/view?seq=27863"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senaratne D. N. Thakkar B. Smith B. H. Hales T. G. Marryat L. Colvin L. A. (2024). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on multimorbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medicine 22(1) 315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03505-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03505-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha R. (2024). Stress and substance use disorders: Risk relapse and recovery mechanisms. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 134(16) Article e172883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI172883","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172883"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turney K. Olsen A. (2019). Household member substance problems and children\u2019s health in the United States. SSM-Population Health 7 Article 100400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100400"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S. Geng F. Gu M. Gu J. Shi Y. Yang Y. Zhang L. Li M. Xia L. Liu H. (2024). Network analysis of childhood maltreatment and internet addiction in adolescents with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 24(1) 768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06224-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06224-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","volume-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Author."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2020 January 28). Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/adverse-childhood-experiences-international-questionnaire-(ace-iq)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu J. Patel R. A. Haynie D. L. Vidal-Ribas P. Govender T. Sundaram R. Gilman S. E. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences and premature mortality through mid-adulthood: A five-decade prospective study. The Lancet Regional Health-Americas 15 Article 100349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100349"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605261426592","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605261426592","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605261426592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:54Z","timestamp":1777504734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605261426592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605261426592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605261426592","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"article-number":"08862605261426592"}}