{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:37:14Z","timestamp":1777855034939,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nonconsensual condom removal (NCCR), colloquially known as \u201cstealthing,\u201d is increasingly conceptualized as a violation of bodily autonomy, yet little empirical research has examined how gender socialization shapes the interpretation of this phenomenon. This study addresses this gap by investigating gender differences in exposure rates, perceived severity, and motivational attributions regarding stealthing within a sample of the population residing in Spain. The study is specifically situated within the country\u2019s recent legislative shifts regarding sexual consent. Using a cross-sectional design, a community sample of 437 participants completed an online survey assessing direct and indirect victimization experiences and evaluating a hypothetical scenario of NCCR. Data were analyzed using Chi-square tests for categorical variables and Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">U<\/jats:italic>\n                    tests for ordinal motivational scales. The results revealed a profound gender gap: women reported an exposure rate more than double that of men and were significantly more likely to classify the act unequivocally as sexual aggression. Regarding the aggressor\u2019s intent, a \u201chedonistic consensus\u201d emerged, with both genders attributing the behavior to sexual pleasure. However, a critical dissonance was found regarding coercive traits; women significantly endorsed motivations related to power, control, and the manipulation of consent, whereas men minimized these factors, viewing the act through a lens of sexual entitlement rather than violence. These findings support theories of rape myth acceptance and suggest that while women decode stealthing as a threat to safety, a significant portion of men fails to recognize the inherent coercion. Implications for violence prevention emphasize the urgent need for gender-specific interventions that challenge the normalization of deceit in sexual interactions and reframe condom negotiation as a nonnegotiable component of consent.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605261437736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:55:43Z","timestamp":1777038943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is \u201cStealthing\u201d Sexual Aggression? Perceptions, Experiences, and Motives Within a Spanish Sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9221-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"de la Torre Laso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4836-1608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara M\u1d43","family":"Ductor Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad M. Becerra B. Hernandez D. Okpala P. Olney A. Becerra M. (2020). \u201cYou do it without their knowledge.\u201d Assessing knowledge and perception of stealthing among college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(10) 3527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17103527","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amore G. (2024). Remove the condom and you remove consent: Why the U.S. should adopt Australia\u2019s initiative as a guide to criminalize stealthing. Family Court Review 62(1) 212\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/fcre.12774","DOI":"10.1111\/fcre.12774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltar F. Gorjup M. T. (2012). Online mixted sampling: An application in hidden populations. Intangible Capital. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3926\/ic.294","DOI":"10.3926\/ic.294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becerra M. B. (2025). Stealthing and sexual consent: Addressing non-consensual condom removal and survivor support on college campuses. Sexes 6(2) 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sexes6020023","DOI":"10.3390\/sexes6020023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boadle A. Gierer C. Buzwell S. (2021). Young women subjected to nonconsensual condom removal: prevalence risk factors and sexual self-perceptions. Violence Against Women 27(10) 1696\u20131715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801220947165","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801220947165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogen K. Lorenz T. (2024). Stealthing is associated with negative sexual health outcomes among college women regardless of women\u2019s sexual communication. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 21(Supplement_5) Article qdae054.021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdae054.021","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdae054.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonar E. E. Ngo Q. M. Philyaw-Kotov M. L. Walton M. A. Kusunoki Y. (2021). 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