{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:20Z","timestamp":1792787720010,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.14666.TENURE.021\/CP00017\/CT00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.14666.TENURE.021\/CP00017\/CT00018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gay men frequently face targeted violence and subsequent secondary victimization\u2014additional harm through negative social reactions such as minimizing their suffering, blaming them, or withholding support. While homophobic prejudice and the belief in a just world (BJW)\u2014the motivation to see the world as fair and to believe that people get what they deserve\u2014are each linked to victim derogation, their joint role in secondary victimization remains unclear. Across two studies, this research aimed to address this gap examining whether prejudice or BJW plays a more significant role in the secondary victimization of gay men and how these factors interact to reinforce victim-blaming attitudes. In Study 1 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009102), participants read a news vignette about an assault; we manipulated perceived sexual orientation (gay vs. no-cue control) via contextual cues. In Study 2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009205), no cues were provided, and participants inferred the victim\u2019s sexual orientation. Secondary victimization was assessed across three dimensions (minimization of the victim\u2019s suffering, victim-blaming, and social avoidance) of a self-report measure, and prejudice was measured with a validated self-report scale indexing discomfort with gay men in everyday situations. Results showed that prejudice predicted greater minimization of suffering and victim-blaming when the victim was perceived as gay. Moreover, BJW strengthened the prejudice\u2013minimization link when participants perceived the victim as a gay man. These findings demonstrate how prejudice and BJW jointly contribute to rationalizing harm toward gay men, reframing unjust suffering as deserved within a perceived fair world. By highlighting this interaction, our findings advance theories of legitimation and reveal how justice motives can paradoxically reinforce prejudice, subtly validating discriminatory attitudes while maintaining a veneer of fairness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605261476698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:32:46Z","timestamp":1789551166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Prejudice-Based Secondary Victimization of Violence Against Gay Men"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5398-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Santos Mateus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual da Para\u00edba, Campina Grande, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3864-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emerson","family":"Do B\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1509-6397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Costa-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6674-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca \u00c1dila","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaj\u00fa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela Mirian Lima da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cicero Roberto","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abad-Merino S. 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