{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:52:41Z","timestamp":1792068761305,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BI 1046\/9-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI 1046\/9-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHU 1370\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHU 1370\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WA 4275\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WA 4275\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Teacher Education Bern","award":["19 s 0008 01."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19 s 0008 01."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hate speech targets individuals based on actual or perceived group characteristics and has been linked to psychological distress during adolescence. Drawing on the Healthy Context Paradox, this study examined whether classroom-level counter speech\u2014visible peer opposition to hate speech\u2014operates as (a) a contextual resource associated with average classroom well-being and (b) a cross-level moderator, meaning that it changes the strength of the association between individual hate speech victimization and mental well-being. Cross-sectional survey data were obtained from 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 in Germany (57.1%) and Switzerland (42.9%). Students reported hate speech victimization, mental well-being, and counter speech. Individual reports of counter speech were aggregated within classrooms. Multilevel models, with students nested within classrooms, tested individual-level associations, the classroom-level association, and the cross-level interaction. Higher individual-level hate speech victimization was associated with lower mental well-being, whereas higher classroom-level counter speech was associated with higher average well-being. However, the negative association between victimization and well-being was stronger in classrooms with more counter speech. This interaction does not indicate that counter speech harmed students; rather, a classroom context associated with higher average well-being can coexist with greater vulnerability among students who remain targeted. The findings extend the Healthy Context Paradox to hate speech and suggest a two-track approach for schools. Classroom-wide efforts should strengthen anti-hate norms and safe counter speech, while confidential identification, follow-up, and individualized support should be available for students who experience hate speech. A positive overall classroom climate should not be treated as evidence that every student is protected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605261485298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:58:03Z","timestamp":1791806283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testing the Healthy Context Paradox: Classroom Counter Speech as a Contextual Resource and Cross-Level Moderator of the Association Between Hate Speech Victimization and Students\u2019 Well-Being"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Wachs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1896-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Villa-Henao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Wettstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bern University of Teacher Education, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludwig","family":"Bilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguinis H. Gottfredson R. K. Culpepper S. A. (2013). Best-practice recommendations for estimating cross-level interaction effects using multilevel modeling. Journal of Management 39(6) 1490\u20131528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206313478188","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206313478188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agyekum-Hene R. Smith P. K. Turunen T. Salmivalli C. (2026). The healthy context paradox at a national\/country level: Is victimisation associated with worse adjustment in countries where the average level of victimisation is lower? International Journal of Bullying Prevention 8(2) 151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42380-024-00253-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-024-00253-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballaschk C. Wachs S. Krause N. Schulze-Reichelt F. Kansok-Dusche J. Bilz L. Schubarth W. (2021). \u201cDann machen halt alle mit.\u201d Eine qualitative Studie zu Beweggr\u00fcnden und Motiven f\u00fcr Hatespeech unter Sch\u00fcler*innen [\u201cThen everyone just joins in\u201d: A qualitative study on motives and reasons for hate speech among students]. Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung \/ Discourse. Journal of Childhood and Adolescence Research 16(4) 463\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3224\/diskurs.v16i4.01","DOI":"10.3224\/diskurs.v16i4.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson P. L. Scales P. C. (2009). The definition and preliminary measurement of thriving in adolescence. The Journal of Positive Psychology 4(1) 85\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439760802399240","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760802399240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkowitz R. Achdut N. Benbenishty R. Astor R. A. (2026). The contribution of school victimization to sadness hopelessness and suicidal ideation among bias-based and non-bias-based victims and the moderating role of school climate. Educational Researcher 55(5) 324\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X251393659","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X251393659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilewicz M. Soral W. (2020). Hate speech epidemic: The dynamic effects of derogatory language on intergroup relations and political radicalization. Political Psychology 41(S1) 3\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12670","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12670"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaya C. Korol L. (2024). Cyberhate and young people in the French context. In Hawdon J. Costello M. (Eds.) Research handbook on hate and hate crimes in society (pp. 231\u2013249). Edward Elgar Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781803925738.00020","DOI":"10.4337\/9781803925738.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buerger C. (2021). #iamhere: Collective counterspeech and the quest to improve online discourse. Social Media + Society 7(4) Article 20563051211063843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20563051211063843","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211063843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buerger C. (2024). Collective counterspeech: External and internal impacts. In Popa-Wyatt M. (Ed.) Harmful speech and contestation (pp. 193\u2013210). Palgrave Macmillan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-60537-6_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-60537-6_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellanos M. Wettstein A. Wachs S. Kansok-Dusche J. Ballaschk C. Krause N. Bilz L. (2023). Hate speech in adolescents: A binational study on prevalence and demographic differences. Frontiers in Education 8 Article 1076249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1076249","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1076249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman S. M. (2013). Hate speech and democracy. Criminal Justice Ethics 32(1) 78\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0731129X.2013.777254","DOI":"10.1080\/0731129X.2013.777254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulantelli G. Taibi D. Scifo L. Schwarze V. Eimler S. C. (2022). Cyberbullying and cyberhate as two interlinked instances of cyber-aggression in adolescence: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology 13 Article 909299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.909299","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.909299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garandeau C. F. Salmivalli C. (2019). Can healthier contexts be harmful? A new perspective on the plight of victims of bullying. Child Development Perspectives 13(3) 147\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12331","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland J. Ghazi-Zahedi K. Young J.-G. H\u00e9bert-Dufresne L. Galesic M. (2022). Impact and dynamics of hate and counter-speech online. EPJ Data Science 11(1) Article 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00314-6","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00314-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu J. Yang B. Wang J.-L. (2024). The role of core self-evaluation between peer victimization and depression: A longitudinal multilevel moderated mediation model and the healthy context paradox in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders 362 661\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Scoping review of the implications of hate on society","author":"Harder D. S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harder D. S. (2024). Scoping review of the implications of hate on society. California Southern University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley J. E. K. Levin K. Currie C. (2016). A new version of the HBSC Family Affluence Scale\u2014FAS III: Scottish qualitative findings from the international FAS development study. Child Indicators Research 9(1) 233\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12187-015-9325-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-015-9325-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holder E. (2024). Revisiting the harm of hate: A quasi-experimental approach using the National Crime Victimization Survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 39(13\u201314) 2904\u20132932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231222683","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231222683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y. Gan X. Jin X. Wei Z. Cao Y. Ke H. (2023). The healthy context paradox of bullying victimization and academic adjustment among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. PLOS ONE 18(8) Article e0290452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0290452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huitsing G. Lodder G. M. A. Oldenburg B. Schacter H. L. Salmivalli C. Juvonen J. Veenstra R. (2019). The healthy context paradox: Victims\u2019 adjustment during an anti-bullying intervention. Journal of Child and Family Studies 28(9) 2499\u20132509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-018-1194-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1194-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz O. Del Rey R. (2025). Cyberhate in adolescents and youths: A systematic review of labels and associated factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior 81 Article 102023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2024.102023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2024.102023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kansok-Dusche J. Ballaschk C. Krause N. Zei\u00dfig A. Seemann-Herz L. Wachs S. Bilz L. (2023). A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents: Definitions prevalence and overlap with related phenomena. Trauma Violence & Abuse 24(4) 2598\u20132615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221108070","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221108070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley H. H. (1973). The processes of causal attribution. American Psychologist 28(2) 107\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0034225","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause N. Ballaschk C. Schulze-Reichelt F. Kansok-Dusche J. Wachs S. Schubarth W. Bilz L. (2021). \u201eIch lass mich da nicht klein machen!\u201c Eine qualitative Studie zur Bew\u00e4ltigung von Hatespeech durch Sch\u00fcler\/innen [\u201cI won\u2019t let that get me down!\u201d A qualitative study of how students cope with hate speech]. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Bildungsforschung 11(1) 169\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s35834-021-00291-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s35834-021-00291-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laninga-Wijnen L. Garandeau C. F. Malamut S. T. Salmivalli C. (2024). The longitudinal role of classroom defending norms in victims\u2019 psychological adjustment causal attributions and social comparisons. Developmental Psychology 60(3) 522\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0001629","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laninga-Wijnen L. van den Berg Y. H. M. Mainhard T. Cillessen A. H. N. (2021). The role of defending norms in victims\u2019 classroom climate perceptions and psychosocial maladjustment in secondary school. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 49(2) 169\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-020-00738-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00738-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laninga-Wijnen L. Yanagida T. Garandeau C. F. Malamut S. T. Veenstra R. Salmivalli C. (2025). Is there really a healthy context paradox for victims of bullying? A longitudinal test of bidirectional within- and between-person associations between victimization and psychological problems. Development and Psychopathology 37(1) 40\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579423001384","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423001384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerner J. V. Phelps E. Forman Y. E. Bowers E. P. (2009). Positive youth development. In Lerner R. M. Steinberg L. (Eds.) Handbook of adolescent psychology: Vol. 1. Individual bases of adolescent development (3rd ed. pp. 524\u2013558). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470479193.adlpsy001016","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479193.adlpsy001016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li M. Gong H. Sun W. Ma P. Chen Y. Gao Y. (2024). The health context paradox in the relationship between victimization classroom bullying attitudes and adolescent depression: An analysis based on the HLM model. Journal of Affective Disorders 354 694\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X. Pan B. Chen L. Li T. Ji L. Zhang W. (2021). Healthy context paradox in the association between bullying victimization and externalizing problems: The mediating role of hostile attribution bias. Acta Psychologica Sinica 53(2) 170\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2021.00170","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2021.00170"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateos-P\u00e9rez E. Mart\u00ednez-Bacaicoa J. Wachs S. G\u00e1mez-Guadix M. (2025). Longitudinal associations of online self-harm with online victimization through cyberbullying hate speech online grooming and nonconsensual sexting. Journal for the Study of Education and Development 48(3) 663\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02103702251352943","DOI":"10.1177\/02103702251352943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore S. E. Norman R. E. Suetani S. Thomas H. J. Sly P. D. Scott J. G. (2017). Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Psychiatry 7(1) 60\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5498\/wjp.v7.i1.60","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v7.i1.60"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n L. K., Muth\u00e9n B. O. (2024). Mplus user\u2019s guide (8th ed.). Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odigie T. Elsden E. Hosozawa M. Patalay P. Pingault J.-B. (2025). The healthy context paradox: A cross-country analysis of the association between bullying victimisation and adolescent mental health. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 34(1) 215\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-024-02483-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02483-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan B. Li T. Ji L. Malamut S. Zhang W. Salmivalli C. (2021). Why does classroom-level victimization moderate the association between victimization and depressive symptoms? The \u201chealthy context paradox\u201d and two explanations. Child Development 92(5) 1836\u20131854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.13624","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichelmann A. Hawdon J. Costello M. Ryan J. Blaya C. Llorent V. Oksanen A. R\u00e4s\u00e4nen P. Zych I. (2021). Hate knows no boundaries: Online hate in six nations. Deviant Behavior 42(9) 1100\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2020.1722337","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2020.1722337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rtbey G. Andualem F. Nakie G. Fentahun S. Melkam M. Kibralew G. Tadesse G. Birhan B. Tinsae T. Takelle G. M. (2025). Bullying victimization and associated factors among school-aged adolescents in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 20(4) Article e0321820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0321820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321820"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmivalli C. (2018). Peer victimization and adjustment in young adulthood: Commentary on the special section. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 46(1) 67\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-017-0372-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0372-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savim\u00e4ki T. Kaakinen M. R\u00e4s\u00e4nen P. Oksanen A. (2020). Disquieted by online hate: Negative experiences of Finnish adolescents and young adults. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 26(1) 23\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10610-018-9393-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10610-018-9393-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schacter H. L. White S. J. Chang V. Y. Juvonen J. (2015). \u201cWhy me?\u201d: Characterological self-blame and continued victimization in the first year of middle school. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 44(3) 446\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2013.865194","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.865194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer S. S\u00fclflow M. Reiners L. (2022). Hate speech as an indicator for the state of the society. Journal of Media Psychology 34(1) 3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000294","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sticca F. Perren S. (2013). Is cyberbullying worse than traditional bullying? Examining the differential roles of medium publicity and anonymity for the perceived severity of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42(5) 739\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-012-9867-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9867-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennant R. Hiller L. Fishwick R. Platt S. Joseph S. Weich S. Parkinson J. Secker J. Stewart-Brown S. (2007). The Warwick\u2013Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 5(1) Article 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Utley J. W. Sinclair H. C. Nelson S. Ellithorpe C. Stubbs-Richardson M. (2022). Behavioral and psychological consequences of social identity-based aggressive victimization in high school youth. Self and Identity 21(1) 61\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15298868.2021.1920049","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2021.1920049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachs S. Bilz L. Wettstein A. Espelage D. L. (2024). Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents. Aggressive Behavior 50(1) Article e22105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.22105","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.22105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachs S. Bilz L. Wettstein A. Wright M. F. Krause N. Ballaschk C. Kansok-Dusche J. (2022). The online hate speech cycle of violence: Moderating effects of moral disengagement and empathy in the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking 25(4) 223\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2021.0159","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.0159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachs S. Castellanos M. Wettstein A. Bilz L. G\u00e1mez-Guadix M. (2023). Associations between classroom climate empathy self-efficacy and countering hate speech among adolescents: A multilevel mediation analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(5\u20136) 5067\u20135091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221120905","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221120905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachs S. G\u00e1mez-Guadix M. Wright M. F. (2022). Online hate speech victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents: The protective role of resilience. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking 25(7) 416\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2022.0009","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachs S. Schittenhelm C. Kops M. G\u00e1mez-Guadix M. Wright M. F. (2025). Happiness through HateLess? Examining the direct and indirect effects of an anti-hate speech program on victimized and non-victimized youth. Journal of Adolescence 97(6) 1645\u20131655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.12525","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachs S. Schittenhelm C. Kops M. Wright M. F. (2026). Promoting classroom climate and why it matters in anti-hate speech prevention programs: A HateLess evaluation study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 41(1\u20132) 93\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241308296","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241308296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachs S. Wettstein A. Bilz L. Espelage D. L. Wright M. F. G\u00e1mez-Guadix M. (2024). Individual and contextual correlates of latent bystander profiles toward racist hate speech: A multilevel person-centered approach. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 53(6) 1271\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-024-01968-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-01968-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie Z. Yang C. Niu X. Wang J.-L. (2025). Peer victimization and adolescent\u2019s social adjustment: Testing the mechanism of the healthy context paradox in a two-wave study. Journal of Research on Adolescence 35(4) Article e70120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.70120","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.70120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong Y. Wang Y. Wang Q. Wang H. Ren P. (2023). Can lower levels of classroom victimization be harmful? Healthy context paradox among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(3\u20134) 2464\u20132484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221102482","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221102482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang C. Sharkey J. D. Reed L. A. Dowdy E. (2020). Cyberbullying victimization and student engagement among adolescents: Does school climate matter? School Psychology 35(2) 158\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spq0000353","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000353"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yates F. Grundy P. M. (1953). Selection without replacement from within strata with probability proportional to size. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 15(2) 253\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1953.tb00140.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1953.tb00140.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun H.-Y. Juvonen J. (2020). Navigating the healthy context paradox: Identifying classroom characteristics that improve the psychological adjustment of bullying victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49(11) 2203\u20132213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-020-01300-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01300-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Q. Li C. (2022). Victimized adolescents\u2019 aggression in cliques with different victimization norms: The healthy context paradox or the peer contagion hypothesis? Journal of School Psychology 92 66\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2022.03.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2022.03.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interpersonal Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605261485298","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08862605261485298","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08862605261485298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:22:16Z","timestamp":1792066936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08862605261485298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08862605261485298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605261485298","relation":{},"ISSN":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0886-2605","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"article-number":"08862605261485298"}}