{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:47:51Z","timestamp":1791830871540,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Interpers Violence"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on interpersonal violence has identified numerous biological, developmental, psychological, social, and situational risk factors, yet further progress requires greater attention to how these influences interact. This article argues that violence research should move beyond the study of isolated predictors toward multilevel, developmental models that explain how combinations of risk factors produce heterogeneous pathways to aggression. Two forms of interaction are emphasized: cross-domain interactions among influences operating at different levels and within-domain interactions among multiple risk factors that may yield similar behavioral outcomes through different causal pathways. Moffitt\u2019s developmental taxonomy of antisocial behavior and the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression illustrate the value of this approach. Research on depression further demonstrates how multilevel models can facilitate the identification of meaningful subgroups and support more mechanism-focused interventions. An important next step for violence research is to integrate developmental risk models with intervention science by identifying individuals\u2019 dominant risk mechanisms and matching prevention strategies to those mechanisms. Such an approach may improve the field\u2019s ability to identify who is at greatest risk, understand the processes driving that risk, and determine which interventions are most likely to reduce perpetration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605261493565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:42:19Z","timestamp":1791542539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emphasizing Interactions to Advance Violence Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4742-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil M.","family":"Malamuth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buntrock C. Harrer M. Sprenger A. A. Illing S. Sakata M. Furukawa T. A. Ebert D. D. Cuijpers P. & IPD-PrevDep Consortium. (2024). Psychological interventions to prevent the onset of major depression in adults: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 11(12) 990\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00316-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00316-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicchetti D. Toth S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50(1\u20132) 16\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01979.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01979.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malamuth N. M. Briere J. (1986). Sexual violence in the media: Indirect effects on aggression against women. Journal of Social Issues 42(3) 75\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00243.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00243.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malamuth N. M. Linz D. Heavey C. L. Barnes G. Acker M. (1995). Using the confluence model of sexual aggression to predict men\u2019s conflict with women: A 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(2) 353\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.69.2.353","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.2.353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malamuth N. M. Lamade R. V. Koss M. P. Lopez E. Seaman C. Prentky R. (2021). Factors predictive of sexual violence: Testing the four pillars of the Confluence Model in a large diverse sample of college men. Aggressive Behavior 47(4) 405\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21960","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt T. E. Caspi A. Rutter M. Silva P. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behaviour: Conduct disorder delinquency and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511490057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt T. E. (2018). Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond. Nature Human Behaviour 2(3) 177\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-018-0309-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0309-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orchowski L. M. Oesterle D. W. Berry-Caban C. S. Borsari B. Kahler C. W. Kazemi D. M. Berkowitz A. D. (2023). An application of the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression among young adult male soldiers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(13\u201314) 8263\u20138285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231153895","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231153895"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park S. Kim S.-H. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of bystander intervention programs for intimate partner violence and sexual assault. Psychology of Violence 13(2) 93\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000456","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornberry T. P. Lizotte A. J. Krohn M. D. Farnworth M. Jang S. J. (1991). Testing interactional theory: An examination of reciprocal causal relationships among family school and delinquency. 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