{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:26:06Z","timestamp":1777379166736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Studies have shown an association between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) along with tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell count, a key clinical indicator for HIV progression, but the causality remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the bidirectional causal relationship between MMPs\/TIMP and HIV. A genome-wide association study\u2013based two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to elucidate the potential causal links between MMPs\/TIMP and HIV. This approach utilized robust estimators, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses including Cochran\u2019s Q, MR-Egger, leave-one-out, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) tests were employed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropic effects. The IVW analysis in the forward MR study indicated that genetically predicted levels of MMP-3 [odds ratio or OR (95% confidence interval or CI) = 0.69 (0.47\u20131),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .047], MMP-20 [OR (95% CI) = 0.64 (0.43\u20130.97),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .035], and TIMP-2 [OR (95% CI) = 0.68 (0.47\u20130.97),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .034] were potentially associated with a lower risk of HIV. MMP-13 exhibited a genetically predicted association with a higher risk of HIV [OR (95% CI) = 2 (1.17\u20133.41),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .011]. Additionally, MMP-19 demonstrated a genetic association with CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell absolute count [OR (95% CI) = 0.90 (0.81\u20131.00),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .042). The reverse MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted liability to HIV was associated with a higher level of MMP-1 [OR (95% CI) = 1.04 (1.01\u20131.08),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .024]. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were found between MMP-9 and HIV by Cochran\u2019s Q test and MR-Egger, but MR-PRESSO indicated no outliers. This study revealed a complex MMPs-TIMPs interplay influencing HIV risk. Future research should clarify underlying mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08892229251359534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T19:51:06Z","timestamp":1758916266000},"page":"452-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Causal Relationship Between Matrix Metalloproteinase with Their Tissue Inhibitors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People\u2019s Republic of China."},{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People\u2019s Republic of China."},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Taiyuan, People\u2019s Republic of China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People\u2019s Republic of 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