{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:42:23Z","timestamp":1792100543471,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GPO-A-00-05-00022-00, contract 132119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPO-A-00-05-00022-00, contract 132119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5R01AI111936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI111936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TMI 138658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMI 138658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Little is known about the relationships between circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and genital microbiota, inflammation, and the risk for HIV infection in women. As circulating SCFAs are potentially modifiable, for example, through dietary fiber or probiotics, we investigated association of circulating SCFA levels with these outcomes. We carried out a nested matched case\u2013control study within a randomized trial of an antiretroviral microbicide to prevent HIV infection to study the association between circulating SCFAs and HIV acquisition (primary outcome for case definition), vaginal microbiota, and genital inflammation. Levels of the SCFAs butyrate, acetate, and propionate were quantified in plasma using mass spectrometry. Vaginal microbiota was assessed using metaproteomics and characterized as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominant (LD) or low\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LL). Genital inflammation was measured using multiplex immunoassays. Logistic regression models were used to study the association of SCFAs with each outcome. Study population (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 99) characteristics were similar between cases (33 who acquired HIV) and controls (66 who did not acquire HIV). We did not observe any associations between any of the circulating SCFAs with HIV acquisition or with LL vaginal microbiota status. However, there was an inverse association between circulating SCFAs and several pro-inflammatory genital cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1\u03b1, and IL-8. In our study of women with high risk of HIV infection, higher levels of circulating SCFAs were associated with lower levels of various genital inflammatory markers, but not with HIV acquisition or a LL microbiota profile. Future larger studies, including genital SCFA assessment, are needed to confirm these findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08892229251366174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:08:51Z","timestamp":1768993731000},"page":"559-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Association with Vaginal Microbiota, Genital Inflammation, and HIV Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupak","family":"Shivakoti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marothi","family":"Letsoalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyle R.","family":"Mckinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Ann S.","family":"Passmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim S. Abdool","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA."},{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenine J.P.","family":"Liebenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.06.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2018.0304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09285-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199813000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ298"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai9383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915254"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2025.1544458"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.20.24307554"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5fo01459j"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4771-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193748"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115440"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131906"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054740"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","volume-title":"Hands-on Tutorial for Piecewise Linear Mixed-effects Models Using SAS\u00ae PROC MIXED","author":"Q H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Q H. 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