{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:02:25Z","timestamp":1784628145543,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"2023 National Clinical Key Specialty Major Scientific Research Project from the Health Commission of Hunan Province","award":["Z2023111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z2023111"]}]},{"name":"2024 Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation General Program","award":["2024AFB1059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB1059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Genotypic drug-resistance testing for HIV-1 with low viral loads (VLs) (&lt;1,000 copies\/mL) is clinically important but technically challenging. Due to the overlapping physical size characteristics of HIV-1 viral particles (100\u2013120 nm) and exosomes (40\u2013150 nm), simultaneous enrichment of both using size separation technology may offer a new strategy to improve the success rate of genotypic resistance testing in low VL samples. To evaluate the application of exosome enrichment technology in genotypic drug resistance testing for HIV-1 in low VL samples. We conducted a study with the following design. Whole blood samples were collected from HIV\/AIDS patients at the Guiyang Public Health Treatment Center, who had been receiving antiretroviral therapy for over 6 months, with HIV-1 RNA levels ranging from 20 to 1,000 copies\/mL, between June 2023 and November 2024. Plasma was separated, and HIV-1 RNA genotypic resistance testing was performed both directly on the plasma and after exosome enrichment. The amplification success rates of HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing before and after exosome enrichment were compared, and resistance mutation sites were analyzed. Among the 26 participants, 22 were male (84.62%) and 4 were female (15.38%), with a median age of 36.5 years. Exosome enrichment technology achieved amplification success rates for the HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing in the RT &amp; PR regions and the INSTI region of 65.38% (17\/26) and 42.31% (11\/26), respectively, significantly higher than the pre-enrichment success rates of 19.23% (5\/26) and 15.38% (4\/26). These differences were statistically significant (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 11.34,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001; \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 4.62,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.032). Genotypic sequencing revealed K103N and L74M resistance mutations in two samples. These findings indicate that exosome enrichment technology enhances the amplification success rate of HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing in low VL samples and identifies clinically relevant resistance mutation sites. This approach may provide an innovative solution for resistance testing in low VL samples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08892229251374705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T08:00:57Z","timestamp":1762243257000},"page":"547-551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing HIV Genotyping and Drug-Resistance Detection in Low Viral Load Samples Through Exosome Enrichment Technology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2753-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yebin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The first hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5744-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmeng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2023.01013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00076-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07417-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S419610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2100254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S388816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Guideline for Detection of HIV\/AIDS (2020 Revised Edition) [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/ncaids.chinacdc.cn\/zxzx\/zxdteff\/202005\/W020200522484711502629.pdf [Last accessed: February2 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05659-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1359478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13419\/j.cnki.aids.2022.12.03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13419\/j.cnki.aids.2024.09.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60965-z"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08892229251374705","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08892229251374705","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08892229251374705","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:09:53Z","timestamp":1784624993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08892229251374705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08892229251374705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08892229251374705","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-2229","1931-8405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]}}}