{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:11:53Z","timestamp":1784740313517,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) binds to CD4 receptors. Chemokine receptors such as C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), and stromal-derived factor (SDF1) are involved in HIV cell entry, and mutations in the genes encoding these chemokine receptors and their ligands may play a role against HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression. This study aims to investigate the frequency of the above polymorphisms within the Iranian population, evaluating their contribution to a protective genetic background against HIV acquisition and progression. Two hundred eighty-five healthy individuals and 100 people with HIV were selected. CCR5 genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CCR2 and SDF-1 polymorphism were analyzed by tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain (Tetra-ARMS-PCR). No CCR5-\u039432 mutants were found in either group. The screening for the CCR2 polymorphism yielded 44 (44%) and 127 (44.6%) heterozygous genotypes in the people with HIV and healthy individuals. Homozygous mutants were seen in 1 (1%) and 28 (9.8%) of the people living with HIV and healthy individuals, respectively, revealing a CCR2-64I allele frequency of 29.7%. CCR2-64I is associated with HIV resistance and reduced AIDS progression (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p-<\/jats:italic>\n                    value = .018). Among our 385 analyzed samples, 2 (2%) and 12 (4.2%) were found to be SDF1 heterozygous in persons with HIV and healthy individuals, respectively. Three (3%) of the people with HIV and 25 (8.8%) of the healthy individuals carried homozygous mutant variants. The allele frequency of the above polymorphism reached 9.1%, but no statistically significant association was observed, albeit it is borderline (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p-<\/jats:italic>\n                    value = .062). There are different distributions between people with HIV and healthy individuals, suggesting that CCR2-64I and SDF1-3\u2032A may have a protective effect on HIV and that CCR2-64I (genotype I\/I) has an effect on protecting against HIV and delaying progression from HIV status to AIDS. It could be used for prognostic genotyping in people with HIV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08892229251405792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T05:23:37Z","timestamp":1767072217000},"page":"58-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frequency of CCR5-\u039432, CCR2-64I, and SDF1-3\u2032A Mutations in People with HIV Diagnoses and HIV Negative Participant in Khuzestan Province, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Bavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Jalilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Bijanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roohangiz","family":"Nashibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azarakhsh","family":"Azaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v5071867"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/indn.2022.4.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18295\/2075-0528.2648"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003098"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.92623"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.12861"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.835994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71699-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.2.662-672.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-00297-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atg.2013.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2015.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4190107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/952067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100715"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2018_69"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000443374"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13653"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-9120(02)00333-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2009.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03255-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.07.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-019-0913-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","article-title":"Frequency of CCR5? 32 variant in north-west of Iran","volume":"20","author":"Omrani D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Omrani D. 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