{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:26:23Z","timestamp":1777379183665,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Fund, Christian Medical College Vellore","award":["IRB Min. No. 9832 dated 07.01.2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRB Min. No. 9832 dated 07.01.2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The collection, storage, and transport of plasma, the ideal specimen for HIV-1 genotyping, is plagued by technical difficulties in resource-limited settings. We aimed to compare corresponding bio-samples for HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance testing. A total of 87 matched specimens of plasma, dried blood spots (DBS), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from 29 persons living with HIV (PLWH) in clinical, immunological, and\/or virological failure were included. Drug resistance genotyping was done by nested PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of the HIV-1\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. The clinical reporting was based on the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. Amplification and genotyping success rates from the three sample types were compared. The level of agreement between the sample types was assessed using Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient. In total, 89.7% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 26) of samples were amplified in plasma, 69% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 20) in DBS, and 100% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 29) in PBMC. In samples with plasma viral load &gt;1,000 copies\/mL, 96.2% were amplified in plasma, 73.1% in DBS, and 100% in PBMCs. The median number of mutations detected in plasma, DBS, and PBMCs was 6.5 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2\u20138.25), 5 (IQR: 0\u20136), and 5 (IQR: 2\u20137), respectively. The difference in the number of mutations across the three sample types was not statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.221). The agreement between the sample types was calculated based on susceptibility and resistance to different antivirals. The kappa values for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ranged from 0.70 to 0.88 and 0.75 to 0.87, respectively. Six samples showed discordance in HIV-1 drug resistance profiles when compared across the three compartments. DBS is a promising alternative to plasma for HIV-1 genotypic testing in resource-limited settings owing to the ease of sampling, storage, transportation, human resource efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. However, no single specimen type can satisfy all requirements and purposes. Selecting an appropriate specimen for a setting requires careful consideration of the practical constraints, logistical capacity, and application needs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08892229251405793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T07:20:40Z","timestamp":1767079240000},"page":"67-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Plasma, Dried Blood Spots, and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as Biosamples for HIV-1 Genotypic Drug Resistance in a Tertiary Care Center"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Sabu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0459-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diviya","family":"Alex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veena Vadhini","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Paul","family":"Demosthenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gnanadurai John","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Kannangai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07453-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Laboratory Testing: Drug-Resistance Testing | NIH [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/clinicalinfo.hiv.gov\/en\/guidelines\/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv\/laboratory-testing-drug-resistance [Last accessed: May2 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1306","volume-title":"ASM Man","unstructured":"Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Collection, Storage and Transport of specimens. ASM Man. 10th edition. Washington DC; pp. 1306\u20131307.","edition":"10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.323-326.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.18.2417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.103759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281c618db"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn100"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"363","article-title":"The effectiveness of HIV drug resistance mutation testing on dried blood spot (DBS) samples in Vietnam","volume":"6","author":"Tran TH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tran TH, , Doan TH, , Phan HTT, , Doan XH, , Nguyen TD. The effectiveness of HIV drug resistance mutation testing on dried blood spot (DBS) samples in Vietnam. Fortune J Health Sci. Fortune Journals, 2023; 6(4):363\u2013372.","journal-title":"Fortune J Health Sci. Fortune Journals"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"195","article-title":"Dried blood spots for HIV-1 drug resistance and viral load testing: A review of current knowledge and WHO efforts for global HIV drug resistance surveillance","volume":"12","author":"Bertagnolio S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bertagnolio S, , Parkin NT, , Jordan M, , Brooks J, , Garc\u00eda-Lerma JG. Dried blood spots for HIV-1 drug resistance and viral load testing: A review of current knowledge and WHO efforts for global HIV drug resistance surveillance. AIDS Rev, 2010; 12(4):195\u2013208.","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12040413"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"2478074","article-title":"Analysis of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations in people who inject drugs in Aizawl and nearby districts of Mizoram, India","volume":"16","author":"Raskar K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raskar K, , Thlengliani L, , Lalbiaknunga A, et al. Analysis of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations in people who inject drugs in Aizawl and nearby districts of Mizoram, India. Virulence. Taylor & Francis, 2025; 16(1):2478074.","journal-title":"Virulence. 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