{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T06:04:23Z","timestamp":1779602663230,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Health Promot"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the feasibility of incorporating Virtual Reality (VR) technology into meditation exercises and using Electrocardiogram (ECG) devices for emotion regulation assessment. It also explored changes in emotion regulation, depression, and anxiety among participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single-arm feasibility study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychiatric hospital inpatients diagnosed by physicians with major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder in the Midwestern United States (n = 25).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VR meditation exercises 3 times weekly for 10\u00a0weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physiological coherence, as an indicator of regulated emotional state, was assessed using ECGs, while depression and anxiety were measured through survey questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paired t-tests were employed to analyze changes in emotion regulation, depression, and anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After 10\u00a0weeks, significant increases were observed in physiological coherence, suggesting more regulated emotional states (M = \u221235.25, SD = 22.25, 95% CI [\u221240.63, \u221229.86], Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22121.58). Reductions were also noted in depression (M = 3.48, SD = 3.29, 95% CI [1.84, 7.51], Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.06) and anxiety (M = 3.12, SD = 4.03, 95% CI [1.45, 4.78], Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.77).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VR is a feasible technology for meditation exercises, with observed associations with more stable emotional states, and reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms, while the application of ECG-based assessment further addresses methodological shortfalls in this population. These results highlight the potential of applying VR technology in mindfulness exercises to leverage inherent digital healthcare strengths, such as user-centered care and tailored treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171251391600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T06:28:55Z","timestamp":1761114535000},"page":"568-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applying Virtual Reality in Mindfulness Exercises for Emotion Regulation and Mental Health Among Inpatients With Behavioral Issues: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2963-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungjoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5366-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Anxiety disorders facts and statistics [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): ADAA; 2022 Oct [cited 2024 Dec 26]. Available from: https:\/\/adaa.org\/understanding-anxiety\/facts-statistics#Facts20and20Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health. Major depression statistics [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): NIMH; [cited 2024 Dec 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/major-depression"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental health conditions: depression and anxiety [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; [cited 2024 Dec 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/diseases\/depression-anxiety.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090591"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152189"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.628252"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-014-0349-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00220"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.02.006"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","first-page":"620","article-title":"Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation","volume":"99","author":"Saeed SA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saeed SA, Cunningham K, Bloch RM. Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(10):620-627.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-170810"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414525841"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138904"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3182a615a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000241"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2023.0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0211-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2021.100037"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2016.1270806"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0078-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000246"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00370-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221090041"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.03004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20883"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0393"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00505"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2618"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.767507"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24872"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.2.215"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852923002225"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24331"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2377960820936163"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Characterizing selection bias using experimental data","volume":"87","author":"Heckman JJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heckman JJ, Ichimura H, Smith JA, Todd PE. Characterizing selection bias using experimental data. J Econom. 1998;87(1):115-136.","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-010-9134-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.23025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCraty R Tomasino D. Emotional stress positive emotions and psychophysiological coherence. In Arnetz B. B. Ekman R. (Eds.) Stress in health and disease (pp. 342\u2013365). Wiley-VCH Veriag GmbH & Co KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527609156.ch21"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqt161"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000988"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2021.1954121"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24709360.2018.1477468"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1999.10474440"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1708612"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-150"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Health Promotion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08901171251391600","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08901171251391600","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08901171251391600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T05:16:35Z","timestamp":1779599795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08901171251391600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08901171251391600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08901171251391600","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-1171","2168-6602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-1171","type":"print"},{"value":"2168-6602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}