{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1786383023063,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Health Promot"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research has documented changes in food insecurity (FI) in the U.S. during COVID-19, including initial spikes and widening inequities followed by eventual declines. Yet a lack of representative longitudinal data has limited efforts to examine FI trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine household-level changes in U.S. FI status from pre-pandemic to pandemic periods, evaluate the relationship between experiencing pandemic-induced financial hardship (FH) and FI, and test for mediating and moderating effects of FH on FI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sample<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analytic sample includes 8097 adults from the 2019 and 2021 waves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcomes are dichotomous measures of FI in 2019 (25%) and 2021 (22%) derived from the U.S. Food Security Survey Module. The independent variable is a dichotomous FH (22%) measure, measured in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We charted the change in reporting FI from 2019 to 2021 using t-tests and identified which individuals in our sample had higher FI rates in 2021. Females (FI = 53%), Hispanic Americans (FI = 60%), single households (FI = 54%), and those with less than a college degree (FI = 52%) had higher FI in 2021. Using logistic regression techniques, we estimated the association between FH and FI in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We find that pandemic FH is significantly associated with experiencing FI, even when controlling for relevant individual and household characteristics and pandemic experiences (OR = 4.83,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). Black respondents who experienced a pandemic-induced FH were almost 3 times more likely to experience FI, while the odds of experiencing FI amidst an FH were lower among respondents who did not identify as Black (OR = 2.7).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide early evidence for the relevance \u2013 and unequal impact \u2013 of pandemic-induced FH on household FI throughout the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171261474305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T09:26:11Z","timestamp":1786181171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Financial Hardship and Household Food Insecurity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the Panel Study of Income Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0604-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori","family":"Kowaleski-Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caren J.","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Holladay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12730"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0645"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"Four Steps Policymakers Can Take Now to Tackle Food Insecurity","author":"Martinchek K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martinchek K, Gupta P. 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