{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:55Z","timestamp":1787942035823,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,10]],"date-time":"2012-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infant sucking problems are frequently implicated in early weaning during breastfeeding, yet our understanding of early sucking dynamics is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to describe infant sucking patterns during breastfeeding at secretory activation and determine whether they changed by the time of established lactation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sucking patterns and milk intake of 15 breastfeeding infants were assessed on day 3.2 \u00b1 0.8 and later at follow-up, 16.0 (11.3-22.8) days postpartum. Nipple diameters, tongue movement, nipple position, and suck rate during nutritive sucking (NS) and non-nutritive sucking (NNS) were measured from ultrasound scans of the intra-oral cavity during breastfeeding. Milk intake and LATCH scores were also recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the tongue lowered during a suck cycle, the nipple increased in size ( P &lt; .001), milk flowed into the intra-oral space and the nipple moved closer to the hard-soft palate junction ( P &lt; .001). During NS, nipple diameters and the mid-tongue movement were greater than during NNS ( P &lt; .001). As the infant aged, the mid-tongue lowered further ( P = .002), suck rates became faster ( P &lt; .001) and milk intake increased ( P = .004), however, no differences were seen for LATCH scores ( P = .34).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences in tongue movement between NS and NNS suggest that there is an altered sucking action when milk flow is absent. Similar sucking patterns at day 3 and during established lactation imply that infants have a mature sucking pattern in the early postpartum period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334412452933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T02:09:39Z","timestamp":1347329379000},"page":"205-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Ultrasound Imaging of Infant Sucking Dynamics during the Establishment of Lactation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Vanessa S.","family":"Sakalidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine P.","family":"Garbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Hepworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Paech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of 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