{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:43:51Z","timestamp":1788295431507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are increasing reports on hypernatremia, a potentially devastating condition, in exclusively breastfed newborn infants. Our purposes were to describe the clinical features of the condition and identify the risk factors for it. We performed a review of the existing literature in the National Library of Medicine database and in the search engine Google Scholar. A total of 115 reports were included in the final analysis. Breastfeeding-associated neonatal hypernatremia was recognized in infants who were \u2264 21 days of age and had \u2265 10% weight loss of birth weight. Cesarean delivery, primiparity, breast anomalies or breastfeeding problems, excessive prepregnancy maternal weight, delayed first breastfeeding, lack of previous breastfeeding experience, and low maternal education level were significantly associated with breastfeeding-associated hypernatremia. In addition to excessive weight loss (\u2265 10%), the following clinical findings were observed: poor feeding, poor hydration state, jaundice, excessive body temperature, irritability or lethargy, decreased urine output, and epileptic seizures. In conclusion, the present survey of the literature identifies the following risk factors for breastfeeding-associated neonatal hypernatremia: cesarean delivery, primiparity, breastfeeding problems, excessive maternal body weight, delayed breastfeeding, lack of previous breastfeeding experience, and low maternal education level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334415613079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T22:33:56Z","timestamp":1446590036000},"page":"67-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Breastfeeding-Associated Hypernatremia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Camilla","family":"Lavagno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Camozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano A. G.","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Berne and University of Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo D.","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Berne and University of Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario G.","family":"Bianchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregorio P.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Emergency Department, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0890334415613079","first-page":"48","volume":"23","author":"Laing IA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr2-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.63.6.931","volume":"63","author":"Clarke TA","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr3-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303898"},{"key":"bibr4-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr5-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.26719\/2001.7.4-5.841","volume":"7","author":"Abu-Salah O","year":"2001","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"bibr6-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1510-4"},{"key":"bibr7-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280604500211"},{"key":"bibr8-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.2000.11748129"},{"key":"bibr9-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80330-1"},{"key":"bibr10-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80522-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr11-0890334415613079","first-page":"110","volume":"82","author":"Asturizaga A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Urug"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr12-0890334415613079","first-page":"193","volume":"39","author":"Bajpai A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr13-0890334415613079","first-page":"260","volume":"74","author":"Ballesteros-del Olmo JC","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Mex Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr14-0890334415613079","first-page":"1174","volume":"38","author":"Bhat SR","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"bibr15-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02758258"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr16-0890334415613079","first-page":"183","volume":"6","author":"Bhat MA","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"bibr17-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr087"},{"key":"bibr18-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267931"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr19-0890334415613079","first-page":"301","volume":"19","author":"Boskabadi H","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bibr20-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(00)00307-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr21-0890334415613079","first-page":"1","volume":"34","author":"\u00c7a\u011flar MK","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"bibr22-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006000400015"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-0890334415613079","first-page":"74","volume":"163","author":"Chilton LA","year":"1995","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr24-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.5.957","volume":"96","author":"Cooper WO","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr25-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334412444005"},{"key":"bibr26-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.3.607"},{"key":"bibr27-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-011-0418-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr28-0890334415613079","first-page":"209","volume":"25","author":"Eke F","year":"1996","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"bibr29-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02313.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr30-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)39343-9","volume":"79","author":"Ernst JA","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"bibr31-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.2.155"},{"key":"bibr32-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.03.009"},{"key":"bibr33-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.131136"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr34-0890334415613079","first-page":"600","volume":"94","author":"Finberg L","year":"1995","journal-title":"Wis Med J"},{"key":"bibr35-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.03.061"},{"key":"bibr36-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300305"},{"key":"bibr37-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280104000106"},{"key":"bibr38-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288302200818"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr39-0890334415613079","first-page":"206","volume":"7","author":"Gomes SM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"bibr40-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050214"},{"key":"bibr41-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.85.2.F145a"},{"key":"bibr42-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.4.F349"},{"key":"bibr43-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.07.2011.4426."},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr44-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.11.1147","volume":"152","author":"Hilliard TN","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr45-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpp.2006.08.005","volume":"19","author":"Hsairi M","year":"2006","journal-title":"J P\u00e9diatr Pu\u00e9ricult"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr46-0890334415613079","first-page":"165","volume":"48","author":"Hsu CH","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Taiwan"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr47-0890334415613079","first-page":"31","volume":"5","author":"Hung CC","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hong Kong J Paediatr"},{"key":"bibr48-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13092494"},{"key":"bibr49-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.108415"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr50-0890334415613079","first-page":"54","volume":"135","author":"Jaffe KM","year":"1981","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"bibr51-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0301-0"},{"key":"bibr52-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200302000-00018"},{"key":"bibr53-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199803000-00003"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr54-0890334415613079","first-page":"72","volume":"40","author":"Karthikeyan G","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr55-0890334415613079","first-page":"143","volume":"94","author":"Kini N","year":"1995","journal-title":"Wis Med J"},{"key":"bibr56-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1986.11748444"},{"key":"bibr57-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmm026"},{"key":"bibr58-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0841-8"},{"key":"bibr59-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.57.7.500"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr60-0890334415613079","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Krishnamurthy S","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Case Rep"},{"key":"bibr61-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.148510"},{"key":"bibr62-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb00142.x"},{"key":"bibr63-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.3.F158"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr64-0890334415613079","first-page":"595","volume":"135","author":"Lawrence RA","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"bibr65-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(09)60036-X"},{"key":"bibr66-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.143370"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr67-0890334415613079","first-page":"647","volume":"162","author":"Livingstone VH","year":"2000","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"bibr68-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.4.F350"},{"key":"bibr69-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.118880"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr70-0890334415613079","first-page":"451","volume":"9","author":"Marino R","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr71-0890334415613079","first-page":"471","volume":"66","author":"Marzouk M","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Biol Clin (Paris)"},{"key":"bibr72-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.074484"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr73-0890334415613079","first-page":"465","volume":"43","author":"Mercier JC","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Fr P\u00e9diatr"},{"key":"bibr74-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050232"},{"key":"bibr75-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.115295"},{"key":"bibr76-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2647"},{"key":"bibr77-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/28766369"},{"key":"bibr78-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.00428.x"},{"key":"bibr79-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334407311538"},{"key":"bibr80-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.4.318"},{"key":"bibr81-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302908"},{"key":"bibr82-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2007.50.1.85"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr83-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2007.01208.x","volume":"44","author":"Ozbek A","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"bibr84-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.097154"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr85-0890334415613079","first-page":"46","volume":"38","author":"Parappil H","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kuwait Med J"},{"key":"bibr86-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.2000.11748131"},{"key":"bibr87-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01230.x"},{"key":"bibr88-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1695-4033(04)78399-X"},{"key":"bibr89-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/027249304225019091"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr90-0890334415613079","first-page":"155","volume":"14","author":"Rand SE","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract"},{"key":"bibr91-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.185546"},{"key":"bibr92-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.4.F349-a"},{"key":"bibr93-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1981.02130310003002"},{"key":"bibr94-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280404300911"},{"key":"bibr95-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320320052031"},{"key":"bibr96-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330060014010"},{"key":"bibr97-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.095497"},{"key":"bibr98-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/3.6.413"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr99-0890334415613079","first-page":"327","volume":"14","author":"Spencer J","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract"},{"key":"bibr100-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2012.02529.x"},{"key":"bibr101-0890334415613079","first-page":"S186","volume":"93","author":"Suksumek N","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"bibr102-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2005.00688.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr103-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V42N8p413","volume":"42","author":"Tiwari S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"bibr104-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288802700803"},{"key":"bibr105-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/027249304225019118"},{"key":"bibr106-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0043-31442006000400012"},{"key":"bibr107-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02507.x"},{"key":"bibr108-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701398256"},{"key":"bibr109-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200106000-00006"},{"key":"bibr110-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.104331"},{"key":"bibr111-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12105"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr112-0890334415613079","first-page":"455","volume":"68","author":"V\u00e1zquez Solano E","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr113-0890334415613079","first-page":"186","volume":"48","author":"Wang AC","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Taiwan"},{"key":"bibr114-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.86.1.F69"},{"key":"bibr115-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02829814"},{"key":"bibr116-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000170687.94839.72"},{"key":"bibr117-0890334415613079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2007.50.1.85"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr118-0890334415613079","first-page":"125","volume":"23","author":"Zaki SA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Lactation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0890334415613079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0890334415613079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0890334415613079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:31:26Z","timestamp":1777501886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0890334415613079"}},"subtitle":["A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0890334415613079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890334415613079","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-3344","1552-5732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-3344","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]]}}}