{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:49:34Z","timestamp":1777852174589,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centers of Disease Control, United States.","award":["HRSA MCHB grant R40 MC 17165-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRSA MCHB grant R40 MC 17165-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastroesophageal reflux in neonates is frequently reported by parents, potentially motivating changes in infant feeding mode and\/or addition of solid food.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors prospectively analyzed associations between repeated measurement of feeding modes and reflux in infancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Infant Feeding Practices Study II, conducted between 2005 and 2007 (2,841 infants), provides data on reflux and feeding modes at nine time points from months 1 to 12. Feeding modes were defined based on direct breastfeeding, feeding of bottled human milk, formula feeding, their combinations, and use of solid food. Repeated measurements were investigated using 1-month delayed models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk ratios of different feeding modes were estimated for reflux; addressing a reverse association, RRs for feeding mode were estimated as responses to prior reflux.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to direct breastfeeding, combinations with formula feeding showed a statistically significant risk for reflux (bottled human milk plus formula feeding: RR = 2.19, 95% CI [1.11, 4.33]; formula feeding: RR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.39, 2.74]; and mixed breastfeeding plus formula feeding: RR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.40, 2.42]). Addition of solid food was not protective (RR = 1.21, 95% CI [0.86, 1.70]). Analyses of reverse association (reflux\u2009\u2192\u2009feeding) showed fewer breastfed infants among those with reflux in the prior month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Any combination of infant feeding with formula seems to be a risk for reflux. Although breastfeeding was protective, mothers with a child with reflux were more likely to wean their child.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416664711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,21]],"date-time":"2017-01-21T12:49:33Z","timestamp":1485002973000},"page":"267-277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Association Between Infant Feeding Modes and Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Repeated Measurement Analysis of the Infant Feeding Practices Study II"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Pei-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nel\u00eds","family":"Soto-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Karmaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124101029004001"},{"key":"bibr2-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552"},{"key":"bibr3-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.10.003"},{"key":"bibr5-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0700700205"},{"key":"bibr6-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-012-0004-2"},{"key":"bibr7-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1315c"},{"key":"bibr8-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000238378.24238.9d"},{"key":"bibr9-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1315d"},{"key":"bibr10-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12298"},{"key":"bibr11-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199201000-00009"},{"key":"bibr12-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01306.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2013.16.4.240"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr14-0890334416664711","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"Hegar B.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr15-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1900"},{"key":"bibr16-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607111415980"},{"key":"bibr17-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200011000-00018"},{"key":"bibr18-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.5.1623"},{"key":"bibr19-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.030"},{"key":"bibr20-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0421"},{"key":"bibr21-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000214993.82214.1c"},{"key":"bibr22-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31803e1706"},{"key":"bibr23-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.1.91"},{"key":"bibr24-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334412453083"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr25-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181b7f563","volume":"49","author":"Vandenplas Y.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"},{"key":"bibr26-0890334416664711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenzl T. G., Schneider S., Scheele F., Silny J., Heimann G., Skopnik H. (2003). Effects of thickened feeding on gastroesophageal reflux in infants: A placebo-controlled crossover study using intraluminal impedance. 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