{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:05:46Z","timestamp":1787162746941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99NR015106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99NR015106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010559","name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12HS022989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12HS022989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Availability of professional lactation support has been associated with increased breastfeeding rates; however, data about access to international board-certified lactation consultants are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aims were (a) to assess geographic access to international board-certified lactation consultants in Pennsylvania, (b) to compare access in rural\/urban counties, and (c) to compare access by county-level breastfeeding initiation rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using geographic information systems methodology and a cross-sectional observational design, we calculated the proportion of young children living within 15, 30, and 60 miles of international board-certified lactation consultants in Pennsylvania. We calculated these proportions for all children in Pennsylvania, for children in urban and rural counties, and for children in counties with low, medium, and high breastfeeding initiation rates. Comparisons were done to answer the research aims.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 90% of young children live within 30 miles of an international board-certified lactation consultant. Compared to children in urban counties, fewer children in rural counties live within 15 and 30 miles of these providers. In counties with high breastfeeding initiation rates, a larger percentage of children live within 15 miles of an international board-certified lactation consultant than in counties with low breastfeeding initiation rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While most Pennsylvania children live in proximity of an international board-certified lactation consultant, this was true for a lower percentage of children in rural counties and in counties with lower breastfeeding rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334418768458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T16:07:49Z","timestamp":1530634069000},"page":"90-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Geographic Access to International Board-Certified Lactation Consultants in Pennsylvania"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin N.","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill R.","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Uscher-Pines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra L.","family":"Bogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334415578440"},{"key":"bibr2-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552"},{"key":"bibr3-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.10454"},{"key":"bibr4-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6627a3"},{"key":"bibr5-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301360"},{"key":"bibr6-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2011.583586"},{"key":"bibr7-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.11.016"},{"key":"bibr8-0890334418768458","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ilca.org\/i4a\/pages\/index.cfm?pageid = 3432"},{"key":"bibr21-0890334418768458","unstructured":"International Lactation Consultant Association. (2017). What is an IBCLC? Retrieved from www.ilcaorg\/main\/why-ibclc\/ibclc"},{"key":"bibr22-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0152"},{"key":"bibr23-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2013.0094"},{"key":"bibr24-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12598"},{"key":"bibr25-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-18"},{"key":"bibr26-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0088"},{"key":"bibr27-0890334418768458","volume-title":"Certificates of live birth\u2014Percent of live births to mothers who breastfed by county, 2012 [Data set]","author":"Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Health Statistics and Research","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr28-0890334418768458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2013.0063"},{"key":"bibr29-0890334418768458","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). 2010 census. 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