{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:50:31Z","timestamp":1777852231731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011484","name":"College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During pumping, storage, and pasteurization human milk is exposed to light, which could affect the concentrations of light-sensitive vitamins. Currently, milk banks do not regulate light exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of light exposure during pumping, storage, and pasteurization on (1) macronutrients, (2) select water-soluble vitamins, and (3) select fat-soluble vitamins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 13 participants donated 4 milk samples each. Each sample underwent 1 of 4 treatments: raw and light protected, raw and light exposed, pasteurized and light protected, and pasteurized and light exposed. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients and Vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , B\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , retinol, \u03b3-tocopherol, \u03b1-tocopherol, and \u03b2-carotene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u03b2-carotene concentrations were not influenced by light exposure. Vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      was significantly ( p &lt; 0.05) affected by light-exposure ( M = 0.23, SD = 0.01mg\/L) compared to light-protected ( M = 0.27, SD = 0.01mg\/L) samples. Vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations were reduced ( p &lt; 0.05) by light-exposure in raw ( M = 62.1, SD = 0.61\u00b5g\/L) and pasteurized ( M = 73.7, SD = 0.72\u00b5g\/L) samples compared to light-protected raw samples ( M = 99.7, SD = 0.66\u00b5g\/L). No other tested nutrients were affected by light exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      and B\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations may degrade below the current Adequate Intake recommendations for infants 0\u20136 months of age, increasing the risk of insufficient vitamin supply to the exclusively human milk-fed infant. Thus, pumped or processed human milk should be protected from light to preserve milk vitamin concentrations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420906828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T12:47:28Z","timestamp":1586954848000},"page":"254-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Associations Between Light Exposure During Pumping and Holder Pasteurization and the Macronutrient and Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hope K.","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6783-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Hampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, and USDA\/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Montana","family":"Wagner-Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"},{"name":"WakeMed Mothers\u2019 Milk Bank, Cary, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April D.","family":"Fogleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0890334420906828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(79)83431-1"},{"key":"bibr2-0890334420906828","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10918.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0890334420906828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharwani S. 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