{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:50:37Z","timestamp":1777852237207,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1900, 13% of infants in the United States died before their first birthday, most of dehydration from diarrhea. As part of a nationwide effort to \u201csave the babies,\u201d pediatricians focused on several endeavors\u2014experimenting with commercially made infant-food products; working with dairy farmers to clean up cows\u2019 milk; lobbying to pass municipal and state legislation regulating the dairy industry; and devising mathematical \u201cformulas\u201d that represented instructions to chemists on how to \u201chumanize\u201d cows\u2019 milk for the needs of a particular infant. Pediatricians dubbed the latter endeavor \u201cpercentage feeding\u201d and, from the 1890s to the 1920s, they deemed percentage feeding a lifesaving scientific achievement. The complex, virtually infinite array of mathematical formulas that comprised this infant-feeding system is the origin of the word \u201cformula\u201d as used today to describe artificial baby milk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420926950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T13:16:43Z","timestamp":1590671803000},"page":"410-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Historical Research: The Origin of \u2018Formula\u2019: State of the Science, 1890s"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline H.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0890334420926950","first-page":"41","author":"Abt I. A","year":"1908","journal-title":"Chicago Medical Recorder"},{"key":"bibr2-0890334420926950","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-194409000-00019"},{"key":"bibr4-0890334420926950","first-page":"232","author":"Allen T. G","year":"1907","journal-title":"Chicago Medical Recorder"},{"key":"bibr5-0890334420926950","first-page":"496","author":"Allen T. G","year":"1908","journal-title":"Chicago Medical Recorder"},{"key":"bibr6-0890334420926950","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1908.25410020013002a"},{"key":"bibr7-0890334420926950","first-page":"56","volume":"50","author":"Brennemann J","year":"1938","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Pediatric Society"},{"key":"bibr9-0890334420926950","unstructured":"Chicago Medical Society Proceedings. (1897, June). Chicago Medical Recorder, 427\u2013437."},{"key":"bibr10-0890334420926950","volume-title":"Chicago Inter Ocean, 4","author":"Chicago Milk","year":"1892"},{"key":"bibr8-0890334420926950","unstructured":"Chicago School of Sanitary Instruction. (1912, August 3). Bulletin 15, 123."},{"key":"bibr11-0890334420926950","first-page":"408","author":"Churchill F. S","year":"1897","journal-title":"Chicago Medical Recorder"},{"key":"bibr12-0890334420926950","first-page":"2","volume":"13","author":"Davis E. V","year":"1910","journal-title":"Bulletin Chicago School of Sanitary Instruction"},{"key":"bibr13-0890334420926950","unstructured":"Eskay\u2019s Food. (December, 1905).\n                      American Motherhood\n                      . [Advertisement],\n                      22\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr14-0890334420926950","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Annual Session of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions","author":"Freeman R. 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M","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mid-America"},{"key":"bibr21-0890334420926950","unstructured":"Nestl\u00e9\u2019s Food. (1914, April).\n                      American Motherhood\n                      [Advertisement],\n                      38\n                      , 79."},{"key":"bibr23-0890334420926950","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Session of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions,","author":"Pearson R. A","year":"1908"},{"key":"bibr24-0890334420926950","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400861897"},{"key":"bibr25-0890334420926950","volume-title":"Biennial Report of the Department of Health of the City of Chicago for the Years 1904\u20131905","volume":"6","author":"Report of the Health Department Laboratories for 1905","year":"1906"},{"key":"bibr26-0890334420926950","first-page":"97","volume":"10","author":"Rotch T. 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(1894, August 9).\n                      Chicago Tribune,\n                      7."},{"key":"bibr32-0890334420926950","first-page":"359","volume":"42","author":"Wasserman M. J","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"bibr33-0890334420926950","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM190206261462602"},{"key":"bibr34-0890334420926950","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM190207031470102"},{"key":"bibr35-0890334420926950","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Proceedings of Prevention of Infant Mortality Conference","author":"Wile I. S","year":"1909"},{"key":"bibr36-0890334420926950","volume-title":"Don\u2019t kill your baby: Public health and the decline of breastfeeding in the 19th and 20th centuries","author":"Wolf J. 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