{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:08:55Z","timestamp":1791234535159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015471","name":"Mater Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Betty McGrath Fellowship Scheme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Betty McGrath Fellowship Scheme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, 10% of all births are preterm. Access to human milk via manual breast expression is required to reduce the incidence of adverse outcomes related to prematurity. However, there is little evidence to recommend optimum timing to commence breast expression in mothers of preterm infants or the most effective method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) To test feasibility of recruitment and compliance to the protocol and (2) to determine influence of using hand expressing and breast massage on milk production, engorgement, mastitis, and breastfeeding status at 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was an exploratory parallel two-group, pilot randomized controlled trial. Mothers of preterm infants at a metropolitan maternity hospital in Queensland Australia (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 31) were randomized to receive either hand expressing and breast massage within the 1st hr of birth or standard care, hand expressing within 6 hr of birth, to determine the influence on milk production, engorgement, mastitis, and breastfeeding status at 3 months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Feasibility targets were not met; however, valuable learning from this trial uncovered barriers facing midwives in the birth suite to commencing expressing in the 1st hr of birth. There was no difference in occurrence of secondary outcomes, although trends support future study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, unpredictability of preterm birth influenced our ability to recruit participants. Important directions for future study design would benefit from incorporating expressing times up to 6 hr with a replicable breast massage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08903344221088789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T08:26:09Z","timestamp":1652257569000},"page":"226-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comparison of the Timing of Hand Expressing of Human Milk With Breast Massage to Standard Care for Mothers of Preterm Infants: An Exploratory Pilot Using a Randomized Controlled Design"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loretta A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Kildea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molly Wardaguga Research Centre, College of Nursing and Midwifery, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia"},{"name":"Mater Research, School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Kynoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Health and QLD Centre for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery: A JBI Centre of Excellence, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI) and School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molly Wardaguga Research Centre, College of Nursing and Midwifery, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia"},{"name":"Mater Research, School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amir L. H. (2014). ABM clinical protocol# 4: Mastitis revised March 2014. Breastfeeding Medicine 9(5) 239\u2013243. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1089%2Fbfm.2014.9984","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.9984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson L. Kynoch K. Kildea S. Lee N. (2019). Effectiveness of breast massage for the treatment of women with breastfeeding problems: A systematic review. JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports 17(8) 1668\u20131694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003932","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron R. Heesterbeek Q. Manni\u00ebn J. Hutton E. K. Brug J. Westerman M. J. (2017). Exploring health education with midwives as perceived by pregnant women in primary care: A qualitative study in the Netherlands. Midwifery 46 37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2017.01.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker G. E. Smith H. A. Cooney F. (2016). Methods of milk expression for lactating women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006170.pub5","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006170.pub5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell M. L. Whitehead A. L. Julious S. A. (2018). Guidance for using pilot studies to inform the design of intervention trials with continuous outcomes. Clinical epidemiology 10 153. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2147%2FCLEP.S146397","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S146397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman D. J. P\u00e9rez-Escamilla R. (2000). Maternal perception of the onset of lactation is a valid public health indicator of lactogenesis stage II. The Journal of nutrition 130(12) 2972\u20132980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/130.12.2972","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.12.2972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu J.-Y. Gau M.-L. Kuo S.-Y. Chang Y.-H. Kuo S.-C. Tu H.-C. (2010). Effects of Gua-Sha therapy on breast engorgement: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nursing Research 18(1) 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JNR.0b013e3181ce4f8e","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0b013e3181ce4f8e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper M. Lowe H. McArdle A. (2020). Development of a novel patient focussed symptom severity index for use in assessing and treating inflammatory conditions of the lactating breast: A Delphi study. International Journal of Evidence-based Healthcare 18(2) 231\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000225","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortez J. Makker K. Kraemer D. Neu J. Sharma R. Hudak M. (2018). Maternal milk feedings reduce sepsis necrotizing enterocolitis and improve outcomes of premature infants. Journal of Perinatology 38(1) 71\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jp.2017.149","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crump C. Sundquist J. Sundquist K. (2020). Preterm birth and risk of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: A national cohort study. Diabetologia 63(3) 508\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-05044-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05044-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuttini M. Croci I. Toome L. Rodrigues C. Wilson E. Bonet M. Gadzinowski J. Di Lallo D. Herich L. C. Zeitlin J. (2019). Breastfeeding outcomes in European NICUs: Impact of parental visiting policies. Archives of Disease in Childhood\u2014Fetal and Neonatal Edition 104(2) F151\u2013F158. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314723","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericson J. Flacking R. Hellstr\u00f6m-Westas L. Eriksson M. (2016). Changes in the prevalence of breast feeding in preterm infants discharged from neonatal units: A register study over 10 years. BMJ open 6(12) e012900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012900","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feltner C. Weber R. P. Stuebe A. Grodensky C. A. Orr C. Viswanathan M. (2018). Breastfeeding programs and policies breastfeeding uptake and maternal health outcomes in developed countries. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 210. US Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER210.","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furman L. Minich N. Hack M. (2002). Correlates of lactation in mothers of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 109(4) e57\u2013e57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.109.4.e57","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.e57"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang J. Zhang L. Tang J. Shi J. Qu Y. Xiong T. Mu D. (2019). Human milk as a protective factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood\u2014Fetal and Neonatal Edition 104(2) F128\u2013F136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314205","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobi-Polishook T. Collins C. T. Sullivan T. R. Simmer K. Gillman M. W. Gibson R. A. Makrides M. Belfort M. B. (2016). Human milk intake in preterm infants and neurodevelopment at 18 months corrected age. Pediatric Research 80(4) 486\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2016.114","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvist L. J. (2013). Re-examination of old truths: Replication of a study to measure the incidence of lactational mastitis in breastfeeding women. International Breastfeeding Journal 8(1) 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4358-8-2","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-8-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu L. Oza S. Hogan D. Chu Y. Perin J. Zhu J. Lawn J. E. Cousens S. Mathers C. Black R. E. (2016). Global regional and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201315: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet 388(10063) 3027\u20133035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magai D. N. Karyotaki E. Mutua A. M. Chongwo E. Nasambu C. Ssewanyana D. Newton C. R. Koot H. M. Abubakar A. (2020). Long-term outcomes of survivors of neonatal insults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15(4) e0231947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangesi L. Zakarija-Grkovic I. (2016). Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. The Cochrane Library. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006946.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006946.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohyama M. Watabe H. Hayasaka Y. (2010). Manual expression and electric breast pumping in the first 48 h after delivery. Pediatrics International 52(1) 39\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2009.02910.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2009.02910.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olufunlayo T. F. Roberts A. A. MacArthur C. Thomas N. Odeyemi K. A. Price M. Jolly K. (2019). Improving exclusive breastfeeding in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Maternal and Child Nutrition 15(3) e12788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.12788","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker L. A. Sullivan S. Cacho N. Engelmann C. Krueger C. Mueller M. (2020). Indicators of secretory activation in mothers of preterm very low birth weight infants. Journal of Human Lactation 37(3) 581\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890334420980424","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420980424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker L. A. Sullivan S. Krueger C. Kelechi T. Mueller M. (2012). Effect of early breast milk expression on milk volume and timing of lactogenesis stage II among mothers of very low birth weight infants: a pilot study. Journal of Perinatology 32(3) 205\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jp.2011.78","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.78"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker L. A. Sullivan S. Krueger C. Mueller M. (2015). Association of timing of initiation of breastmilk expression on milk volume and timing of lactogenesis stage II among mothers of very low-birth-weight infants. Breastfeeding Medicine 10(2) 84\u201391. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1089%2Fbfm.2014.0089","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker L. A. Sullivan S. Kruger C. Mueller M. (2020). Timing of milk expression following delivery in mothers delivering preterm very low birth weight infants: a randomized trial. Journal of Perinatology 40(8) 1236\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-020-0688-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0688-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pineda R. G. (2011). Predictors of breastfeeding and breastmilk feeding among very low birth weight infants. Breastfeeding Medicine 6(1) 15\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bfm.2010.0010","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2010.0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto F. Fernandes E. Virella D. Abrantes A. Neto M. T. (2019). Born preterm: A public health issue. Portuguese Journal of Public Health 37(1) 38\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000497249","DOI":"10.1159\/000497249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead A. L. Julious S. A. Cooper C. L. Campbell M. J. (2016). Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 25(3) 1057\u20131073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0962280215588241","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215588241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2017). Guideline: Protecting promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241550086"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Lactation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08903344221088789","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08903344221088789","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08903344221088789","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:33:35Z","timestamp":1777502015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08903344221088789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08903344221088789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08903344221088789","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-3344","1552-5732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-3344","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]}}}