{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:17:37Z","timestamp":1787926657025,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Hum Lact"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among mothers visiting Shagari, Kwata, and Dr. Karima Primary Health Care in Gusau, Nigeria. EBF, defined as providing only breast milk for the first 6 months, is not universally practiced in Nigeria, particularly in rural areas. This research aimed to identify the factors influencing mothers' decisions to adopt EBF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025 at three primary healthcare centers. Using systematic random sampling, 400 breastfeeding mothers aged 18\u201341 years were selected to complete a semistructured questionnaire. The data were analyzed via logistic regression to determine associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results revealed a high prevalence of EBF, with 77.8% of mothers practicing it. The key factors significantly associated with a greater likelihood of EBF practices included having knowledge of EBF (AOR\u2009=\u20093.85,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), receiving EBF training (AOR\u2009=\u20097.343,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and obtaining community support (AOR\u2009=\u200912.22,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Other influential factors included having a secondary education and a positive attitude toward EBF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed that most mothers demonstrated good knowledge, positive attitudes, and strong practices regarding EBF. To sustain and improve these outcomes, the findings suggest increased investment in educating mothers about the benefits of EBF during and after pregnancy. This enables informed decision-making, ultimately benefiting both maternal and child health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08903344261470707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:02:06Z","timestamp":1787641326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Primary Health Care Centers of Gusau, Nigeria (2025)"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7891-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abubakar Nuhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Gusau Study Center, Zamfara, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6866-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulhamid","family":"Umar Abdulkadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5901-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussaini","family":"Yakubu Anka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Federal University of Health, Azare, Bauchi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu Sharour L. Al-Ghabeesh S. Suleiman K. Salameh A. B. Jacoob S. Al-Kalaldeh M. (2017). Predictors of breast self-examination performance among Jordanian university female students. European Journal of Cancer Care 26(6) Article e12622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ECC.12622;CSUBTYPE:STRING:SPECIAL;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agho K. E. Ezeh O. K. Ghimire P. R. Uchechukwu O. L. Stevens G. J. Tannous W. K. Fleming C. Ogbo F. A. (2019). Exclusive breastfeeding rates and associated factors in 13 \u201ceconomic community of West African states\u201d (ECOWAS) countries. Nutrients 11(12) Article 3007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11123007","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asfaw M. M. Argaw M. D. Kefene Z. K. (2015). Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices in Debre Berhan District Central Ethiopia: A cross-sectional community-based study. International Breastfeeding Journal 10(1) Article 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-015-0049-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-015-0049-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cascone D. Tomassoni D. Napolitano F. Di Giuseppe G. (2019). Evaluation of knowledge attitudes and practices about exclusive breastfeeding among women in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(12) Article 2118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16122118","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai Y. Nandi A. Heymann J. (2018). Does extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave improve breastfeeding practices? Evidence from 38 low- and middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health 3(5) Article e001032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001032","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozma-Petru\u0163 A. Filip L. Banc R. M\u00eerza O. Gavrila\u015f L. Ciob\u00e2rc\u0103 D. Badiu-Ti\u015fa I. Heghe\u015f S. C. Popa C. O. Miere D. (2021). Breastfeeding practices and determinant factors of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of children aged 0\u201323 months in Northwestern Romania. Nutrients 13(11) Article 3998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13113998","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Sa J. L. Alsomali R. Alhurubi R. Assiri R. Alobeid H. Dandormah E. Zamzam S. (2024). The effectiveness of a breastfeeding educational program on knowledge of antenatal women: A quasi-experimental study. African Health Sciences 24(4) 400\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ahs.v24i4.50","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v24i4.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"Dudu J. E. Okoro F. I. Otto I. (2016). Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding by Women of Reproductive Age in Nigeria. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 2(5) 1350\u20131361. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Knowledge%2C-Attitude-and-Practice-of-Exclusive-by-of-Dudu-Okoro\/c36c1d669c4cd5fda5be018de18b83bf97948a9c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dukuzumuremyi J. P. C. Acheampong K. Abesig J. Luo J. (2020). Knowledge attitude and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in East Africa: A systematic review. International Breastfeeding Journal 15(1) Article 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-020-00313-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-020-00313-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dun-Dery E. J. Laar A. K. (2016). Exclusive breastfeeding among city-dwelling professional working mothers in Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal 11(1) Article 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-016-0083-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-016-0083-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Nigeria (FMoHSW) National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] & ICF. (2024). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2023\u201324: Key Indicators Report. NPC and ICF. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/PR157\/PR157.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gayawan E. Adebayo S. B. Chitekwe S. (2014). Exclusive breastfeeding practice in Nigeria: A Bayesian stepwise regression analysis. Maternal and Child Health Journal 18(9) 2148\u20132157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10995-014-1463-6\/METRICS","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1463-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gewa C. A. Chepkemboi J. (2016). Maternal knowledge outcome expectancies and normative beliefs as determinants of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding: A cross-sectional study in rural Kenya. BMC Public Health 16(1) Article 243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-2907-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2907-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gizaw A. T. Sopory P. Morankar S. (2022). Breastfeeding knowledge attitude and self-efficacy among mothers with infants and young child in rural Ethiopia. PLOS ONE 17(12) Article e0279941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall H. McLelland G. Gilmour C. Cant R. (2014). \u201cIt is those first few weeks\u201d: Women\u2019s views about breastfeeding support in an Australian outer metropolitan region. Women and Birth 27(4) 259\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wombi.2014.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2014.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtzman O. Usherwood T. (2018). Australian general practitioners\u2019 knowledge attitudes and practices toward breastfeeding. PLoS ONE 13(2) Article e0191854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0191854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain M. Islam A. Kamarul T. Hossain G. (2018). Exclusive breastfeeding practice during the first six months of an infant\u2019s life in Bangladesh: A country-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatrics 18(1) Article 93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-018-1076-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1076-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang M. Ren G. Dai H. Tian L. Huang J. He W. Tan S. (2022). Comparation of knowledge attitude and social support of exclusive breastfeeding between primiparae and multiparae after delivery within 6 months in Changsha China: A cross-sectional study. Translational Pediatrics 11(8) 1323\u20131335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp-22-327","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0131rca A.\u015e. Da\u011fli E. H\u00fcr S. (2025). Pregnant women\u2019s breast milk and breastfeeding myths and associated factors: A case of refugee and non-refugee women. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 31 Article e70059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jep.70059","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.70059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kronborg H. Maimburg R. D. V\u00e6th M. (2012). Antenatal training to improve breastfeeding: A randomized trial. Midwifery 28(6) 784\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MIDW.2011.08.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2011.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer M. S. Kakuma R. (2012). Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003517.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003517.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar R. Mundhra R. (2021). A cross-sectional study of knowledge attitude and practice toward breastfeeding among postnatal mothers delivering at a tertiary care center in Garhwal India. International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research 11(2) 64\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_605_20","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_605_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lingling H. Fan C. Hongyu H. Yinying H. Meidan L. Qiaoli L. Linghong L. Bifeng Y. Yuezhen X. (2025). Efficacy of breast crawling on breastfeeding outcomes knowledge attitudes and anxiety status after term vaginal birth: A randomized controlled trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition 21(4) Article e70063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.70063","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.70063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu K. Guo J. Deng W. Su Y. (2022). The current status of breastfeeding knowledge and its influencing factors in nursing undergraduates: A cross-sectional study in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20(1) Article 103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20010103","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas Y. F. Glasauer P. (2014). Guidelines for assessing nutrition-related knowledge attitudes and practices: KAP manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i3545e\/i3545e.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madubueze U. (2017). The practice of exclusive breastfeeding and its sociodemographic determinants amongst nursing mothers at a tertiary health care institution in South East Nigeria. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 7(4) 63\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojpm.2017.74006","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpm.2017.74006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogre V. Dery M. Gaa P. K. (2016). Knowledge attitudes and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practice among Ghanaian rural lactating mothers. International Breastfeeding Journal 11(1) Article 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-016-0071-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-016-0071-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naja F. Chatila A. Ayoub J. J. Abbas N. Mahmoud A. Abdulmalik M. A. Nasreddine L. (2022). Prenatal breastfeeding knowledge attitude and intention and their associations with feeding practices during the first six months of life: A cohort study in Lebanon and Qatar. International Breastfeeding Journal 17(1) Article 15. https:\/\/doi:10.1186\/s13006-022-00456-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-022-00456-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogbo F. A. Nguyen H. Naz S. Agho K. E. Page A. (2018). The association between infant and young child feeding practices and diarrhea in Tanzanian children. Tropical Medicine and Health 46(1) 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-018-0084-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0084-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raju A. Thomas A. Antony B. Vannathan Kandiyil P. Ajithkumar V. T. Sindhu T. G. (2025). Knowledge and attitudes of nursing mothers as potential determinants of effective breastfeeding. Cureus 17(8) Article e89926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.89926","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.89926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabo A. Abba J. Sunusi Usman U. Musa Saulawa I. Alzoubi M. M. Al-Mugheed K. Alsenany S. A. Farghaly Abdelaliem S. M. (2023). Knowledge attitude and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of childbearing age. Frontiers in Public Health 11 Article 1277813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1277813","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1277813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0130. G. Y\u0131lmaz B. Acar Z. (2022). Attitudes and practices of postnatal mothers and their accompanying relatives to breastfeeding in public at a university hospital in Turkey. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 28(10) 733\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/emhj.22.073","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.22.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnefke C. H. Flax V. L. Ubanmhen F. Alayon S. Bose S. Daniel O. Grimes K. E. L. Allotey D. Seiger E. R. Arije O. (2023). Attitudes beliefs and social norms regarding infant and young child feeding among Nigerian mothers fathers and grandmothers across time. Maternal & Child Nutrition 19(4) Article e13524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.13524","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinshaw Y. (2015). Exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among mothers in Debre Markos town and Gozamen District East Gojjam Zone North West Ethiopia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 3(5) 174\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.jfns.20150305.12","DOI":"10.11648\/j.jfns.20150305.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadele N. Habta F. Akmel D. Deges E. (2016). Knowledge attitude and practice toward exclusive breastfeeding among lactating mothers in Mizan Aman town Southwestern Ethiopia: Descriptive cross-sectional study. International Breastfeeding Journal 11(1) 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-016-0062-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-016-0062-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. (2011 May). Programming guide: Infant and young child feeding. Nutrition Section Programmes UNICEF New York. https:\/\/dev.nutritioncluster.net\/sites\/nutritioncluster.com\/files\/2020-01\/Final_IYCF_prog_guide_May_26_2011.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang T. Shang M. Chow K. M. (2023). Effects of breastfeeding training programmes for midwives on breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 23(1) Article 262. http:\/\/doi:10.1186\/s12884-023-05540-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05540-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization & United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. (2018). Implementation guidance: Protecting promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services \u2013 The revised Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/95191\/file\/Baby-friendly-hospital-initiative-implementation-guidance-2018.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization & United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. (2003). Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241562218."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n S. S. Erat Nergiz M. Yal\u00e7\u0131n S. (2023). Evaluation of breastfeeding and infant feeding attitudes among Syrian refugees in Turkey: Observations of Syrian healthcare workers. International Breastfeeding Journal 18(1) Article 38. https:\/\/doi:10.1186\/s13006-023-00579-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-023-00579-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z. Zhu Y. Zhang L. Wan H. (2018). What factors influence exclusive breastfeeding based on the theory of planned behavior. Midwifery 62 177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MIDW.2018.04.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Lactation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08903344261470707","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08903344261470707","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08903344261470707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:18:00Z","timestamp":1787923080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08903344261470707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08903344261470707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08903344261470707","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-3344","1552-5732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-3344","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"article-number":"08903344261470707"}}