{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:58:43Z","timestamp":1788911923164,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["430-2020-00752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430-2020-00752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Contemporary Ethnography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Getting access to the right information to complete their immigration file, follow-up on their application or appeal a decision is crucial for immigration applicants. However, the Canadian immigration bureaucracy is known for its inefficiency, complexity, and opacity. Applicants often turn to online discussion forums to guide them through the process. Based on interviews with twelve immigrants to Canada and ethnographic observations in four online Canada immigration forums, this article focuses on the development of immigration expertise online. Building on the concept of interpretive labor, we suggest that the violence of the immigration bureaucracy pushes migrants away from official sources of information and paves the way for the emergence of lay experts through their intensive participation in online forums. Online lay experts provide current, essential tips tested and validated through firsthand experience and the experience-based knowledge collected from thousands of users, which allow them to circumvent immigration difficulties and thus, be one step ahead of the system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08912416251313535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T03:09:46Z","timestamp":1737601786000},"page":"364-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["One Step Ahead of the Canadian Immigration System: Bureaucratic Chaos and the Development of Migrant Experts Online"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8153-4538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Geoffrion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxane","family":"Guay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work and Criminology, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alpes Maybritt Jill. 2017. \u201cPapers That Work: Migration Brokers State\/Market Boundaries and the Place of Law.\u201d Political & Legal Anthropology Review 40 (2): 262\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/plar.12219","DOI":"10.1111\/plar.12219"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Au Larry Eyal Gil. 2022. \u201cWhose Advice is Credible? 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