{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1777647156070,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]],"date-time":"1997-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":854755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gender &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent changes in access to contraceptive and infertility treatments in the state of Illinois, and across the United States more generally, have heightened class cleavages in access to reproductive health care benefits in the United States. Using data gleaned from government testimonies, public documents, and telephone interviews, the authors found that poor women have broad access to contraceptive coverage but very little access to infertility treatments, while working-and middle-class women have increasingly broad coverage of infertility treatments but spare coverage of contraceptives. These findings suggest that while the extreme measures of the eugenics movement are less frequently in evidence, class differences in access to reproductive services lead to an equally dualistic, albeit unstated, fertility policy in the United States: encouraging births among working- and middle-class families and discouraging births among the poor, particularly those on Medicaid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/089124397011001002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,10]],"date-time":"2007-03-10T22:52:49Z","timestamp":1173567169000},"page":"8-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["THE POLITICS OF REPRODUCTIVE BENEFITS"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"LESLIE","family":"KING","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MADONNA HARRINGTON","family":"MEYER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/494429"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Uneven and unequal: Insurance coverage and reproductive health services.","author":"Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI)."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Test tube women: What future for motherhood?","author":"Arditti, Rita","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003516316"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"30","volume":"4","author":"Beck, Melinda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Newsweek."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"A challenge to Social Security: The changing roles of women and men in American society","author":"Bergmann, Barbara."},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Maternity and gender politics: Women and the rise of the European welfare states, 1880s-1950s.","author":"Bock, Gisela"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Our bodies, ourselves."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089124387001004007"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"The mother machine.","author":"Corea, Gena."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2307\/2136140","volume":"25","author":"Daley, Daniel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Family Planning Perspectives"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Women, race and class.","author":"Davis, Angela."},{"key":"atypb12","volume":"9","author":"Dellios, Hugh.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chicago Tribune"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Population policy & women's rights: Transforming reproductive choice.","author":"Dixon-Mueller, Ruth."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2135484"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Edgar, Jim. 1991. Letter to members of the House of Representatives, Illinois General Assembly, 23 September."},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"50","volume":"50","author":"Employment Benefit Research Institute (EBRI).","year":"1994","journal-title":"EBRI Issue Brief"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-618X.1989.tb00411.x"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Divisions of welfare: A critical introduction to comparative social policy.","author":"Ginsburg, Norman."},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"The American woman, 1994-1995","author":"Gold, Rachel Benson"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Champaign\/Urbana News Gazette","author":"Goodman, Ellen."},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Woman's body, woman's right.","author":"Gordon, Linda."},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"1101","volume":"37","author":"Harrington Meyer, Madonna.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096358"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Reproductive rights and wrongs: The global politics of population control.","author":"Hartmann, Betsy."},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life.","author":"Herrnstein, Richard"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Monthly data card.","author":"Illinois Bureau of Research and Analysis."},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Central Management Service, Bureau of Benefits. 1994. Personal communication with L. King, 9 March."},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Transcripts of debates."},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Transcripts of debates."},{"key":"atypb30","unstructured":"Jacobs, Tamy. 1991. Testimony before the Illinois House Insurance Committee on H.B. 0133. 9 April."},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"43","volume":"20","author":"Jencks, Christopher","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Prospect"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Rockford Register Star","author":"Johnson, Mark."},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Recreating motherhood: Ideology and technology in a patriarchal society.","author":"Katz Rothman, Barbara."},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"The politics of population control.","author":"Littlewood, Thomas."},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb35","first-page":"23","volume":"17","author":"MacKinnon, Catharine.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radical America"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Toward a feminist theory of the state.","author":"MacKinnon, Catharine."},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"The woman in the body: A cultural analysis of reproduction.","author":"Martin, Emily."},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Women, work and protest","author":"May, Martha."},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"105","volume":"9","author":"McCormack, Thelma.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Research in the Sociology of Health Care"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Advance data from vital and health statistics, no. 192.","author":"Mosher, William D."},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Advance data from vital and health statistics, no. 192.","author":"Mosher, William D."},{"key":"atypb42","volume":"5","author":"Narario, Sonia, L.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Dangerous passage: The social control of sexuality in women's adolescence.","author":"Nathanson, Constance."},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"Women, politics, and change","author":"Nelson, Barbara."},{"issue":"35","key":"atypb45","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"New Jersey Department of Human Services, Division of Medical Assistance and Health Services.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Newsletter"},{"key":"atypb46","volume-title":"Healing technology","author":"Nsiah-Jefferson, Laurie"},{"key":"atypb47","volume-title":"Infertility: Medical and social choices.","author":"Office of Technology Assessment."},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2095903"},{"key":"atypb49","first-page":"343","volume":"37","author":"O'Rourke, Melissa.","year":"1992","journal-title":"South Dakota Law Review"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089124389003003007"},{"key":"atypb51","volume-title":"And the poor get children","author":"Petchesky, Rosalind Pollack."},{"key":"atypb52","volume":"16","author":"Phillips, Frank.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Boston Globe"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"John A. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Maryland."},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2095700"},{"key":"atypb55","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Reforming medicine: Lessons of the last quarter century","author":"Rodriguez-Trias, Helen."},{"key":"atypb56","volume-title":"Reproductive rights and wrongs: The global politics of population control","author":"Rodriguez-Trias, Helen."},{"key":"atypb57","volume-title":"The state and working women.","author":"Ruggie, Mary."},{"key":"atypb58","series-title":"Series P20-468.","volume-title":"Current Population Reports.","author":"Saluter, Arlene."},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137223"},{"key":"atypb60","volume-title":"Population control politics: Women, sterilization and reproductive choice.","author":"Shapiro, Thomas."},{"key":"atypb61","volume":"12","author":"Shellenbarger, Sue.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"atypb62","unstructured":"Short, Pamela F., Alan Monheit, and Karen Beauregard. 1989. A profile of uninsured Americans. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 89-3443:1-18. Rockville, MD: National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment."},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15295039109366800"},{"key":"atypb64","volume-title":"Letter to Susan Crockin","author":"Turnbill, Nancy C."},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"The birth dearth.","author":"Wattenberg, Ben J."},{"key":"atypb66","volume-title":"Women's health insurance costs and experiences.","author":"Women's Research and Education Institute."},{"key":"atypb67","volume":"5","author":"Wong, Doris Sue.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Boston Globe"},{"key":"atypb68","unstructured":"Baker, Carol, Christy Clinic, Champaign, IL. 1994. Telephone interview with L. King, 24 February."},{"key":"atypb69","unstructured":"Bessette-Smith, Suzanne, President of RESOLVE of Illinois, Chicago. 1993. Telephone interview with M. Harrington Meyer, 17 September."},{"key":"atypb70","unstructured":"Bush-Joseph, Vicky, RESOLVE lobbyist, Chicago, IL. 1994a. Telephone interview with L. King, 18 February."},{"key":"atypb71","unstructured":"Bush-Joseph, Vicky 1994b. Personal interview with L. King and M. Harrington Meyer, 8 August."},{"key":"atypb72","unstructured":"Chorle, Erhard, Aid to Governor Jim Edgar, Springfield, IL. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 16 January."},{"key":"atypb73","unstructured":"Cullerton, John, Senator, State of Illinois, Springfield. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 11 January."},{"key":"atypb74","unstructured":"Currie, Barbara Flynn, Representative, State of Illinois, Springfield. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 10 January."},{"key":"atypb75","unstructured":"Knaub, Sara, Director of Communications and Marketing, Planned Parenthood of Chicago. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 21 June."},{"key":"atypb76","unstructured":"Lindy, Katy, Spokesperson, Minnesota Medicaid. 1996. Telephone interview with L. King, 5 February."},{"key":"atypb77","unstructured":"Lockridge, Dee, Head of Family Planning, Alabama Medicaid. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 28 June."},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKee, Caroline, Legal Services, National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League, Washington, DC. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 13 January.","DOI":"10.1300\/J113v13n03_05"},{"key":"atypb79","unstructured":"Pebworth, Donald, Legal Counsel to Blue Cross Blue Shield, Chicago, IL. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 11 January."},{"key":"atypb80","unstructured":"Roth, Shelly, Health Alliance, Champaign, IL. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 10 January."},{"key":"atypb81","unstructured":"Scheff, Hank, Health Benefits Negotiator, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, Champaign, IL. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 25 January."},{"key":"atypb82","unstructured":"Sullivan, Joanna, Assistant Bureau Manager, Illinois Department of Central Management Services, Springfield. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 23 January."},{"key":"atypb83","unstructured":"Zehn, Dennis, Illinois Federation of Teachers, Champaign. 1995. Telephone interview with L. King, 27 January."}],"container-title":["Gender &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089124397011001002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089124397011001002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:37:36Z","timestamp":1777444656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/089124397011001002"}},"subtitle":["U.S. Insurance Coverage of Contraceptive and Infertility Treatments"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/089124397011001002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/089124397011001002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-2432","1552-3977"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-2432","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3977","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}}}