{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:56:45Z","timestamp":1792799805623,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commissio","award":["No. Z181100001518005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. Z181100001518005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034k14f91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD) in older patients. This study examined the psychometric properties of the 33-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-33) and its accuracy to differentiate BD from MDD among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 215 depressed older patients were recruited; 107 were diagnosed with BD (71 with BD-type I and 36 with BD-type II) and 108 with MDD. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to explore the factor structure of the HCL-33. Cronbach\u2019s alpha was calculated to test the internal consistency. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure test-retest reliability. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to generate the optimal cut-off value to differentiate between BD and MDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two factors were identified in the PCA analysis accounting for 33.9% of the total variance. The Cronbach\u2019s alpha value for the HCL-33 was 0.912, with 0.922 for factor I and 0.664 for factor II. The test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC: 0.891). The optimal cut-off of the HCL-33 total score for discriminating between MDD and BD was 14, with a sensitivity of 88.8% and specificity of 82.4%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HCL-33 had satisfactory reliability and validity and could be used to distinguish BD from MDD in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08919887211016065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T16:14:23Z","timestamp":1622304863000},"page":"410-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Use of the 33-Item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-33) to Distinguish Bipolar Disorder From Major Depressive Disorder in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-7408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinqiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, School of Mental Health, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Center for Cognition and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Center for Cognition and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teris","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabor S.","family":"Ungvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"},{"name":"University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, School of Mental Health, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2906-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Tao","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Center for Cognition and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules","family":"Angst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08919887211016065","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 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