{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:20:38Z","timestamp":1785320438627,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS124819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS124819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social factors can influence the brain\u2019s dopaminergic function. This study investigated the relationship between socioenvironmental factors and dopamine transporter (DaT) availability in healthy individuals (n = 74) and those with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) (n = 240).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) DaT data and clinical data used in this study were obtained from the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) dataset. Socioenvironmental data was obtained from Social Explorer analyses of the American Community Survey (2014-2018) using the residential ZIP codes of the subjects available in the PPMI dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants resided in 302 ZIP code tabulation areas across 38 U.S. states. In healthy individuals, DaT signals were significant and negatively correlated in the caudate with median household income (r = \u22120.27, P = 0.02) and educational level of the living area (r = \u22120.23, P = 0.04), but not significant in the putamen (r = \u22120.21, P = 0.08; r = \u22120.11, P = 0.37 respectively). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between DaT signals in caudate and poverty rates (r = 0.29, P = 0.01), but not in the putamen (r = 0.16, P = 0.19) in healthy subjects. No significant associations were observed in the PD group for any variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings suggest that socioenvironmental factors, such as median household income, education level, and poverty rate, are significantly associated with DaT availability in the caudate of healthy individuals but not in those with PD. This indicates that PD might disrupt the connection between the social environment and dopaminergic function. These results underscore the importance of considering socioenvironmental variables when studying dopaminergic function in the human brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08919887241281062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T08:21:31Z","timestamp":1725783691000},"page":"143-149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Socioenvironmental Factors are Associated With Dopamine Transporter Availability in Healthy Individuals but not in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-5188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salih","family":"Cayir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melike","family":"Tezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Matuskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2005.03.001"},{"key":"bibr2-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn798"},{"key":"bibr3-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4122-8"},{"key":"bibr4-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4108"},{"key":"bibr5-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02581-x"},{"key":"bibr6-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.07.037"},{"key":"bibr7-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.01.056"},{"key":"bibr8-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.039"},{"key":"bibr9-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136463"},{"key":"bibr10-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.208"},{"key":"bibr11-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.02.002"},{"key":"bibr12-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.09.010"},{"key":"bibr13-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.030"},{"key":"bibr14-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.05.009"},{"key":"bibr15-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105844"},{"key":"bibr16-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.08.013"},{"key":"bibr17-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/rlu.0000000000001885"},{"key":"bibr18-08919887241281062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.067"},{"key":"bibr19-08919887241281062","unstructured":"S.E. 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