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Autosomal dominant PD is genetically heterogeneous: two PD genes have been mapped to chromosomes 2 and 4 and there may be additional as yet unidentified genes. The common forms of PD\u2014both familial and sporadic cases\u2014appear to involve a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. The observations that rural residence and pesticide exposure increase the risk of developing PD, and that a synthetic drug, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, can cause parkinsonism, suggest that at least a subset of PD may be caused by a toxin. Furthermore, modest but significant associations have been reported between PD susceptibility and genes that regulate metabolism of drugs and neurotoxins. There is also evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, a finding that was recently traced to anomalies in mitochondrial DNA. 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