{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:53:36Z","timestamp":1791590016845,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Endourology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether ChatGPT-assisted informed consent (IC) is noninferior to conventional physician-led IC in reducing preoperative anxiety (PA) among patients undergoing a urologic procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective, open-label randomized controlled trial, 180 adult patients scheduled for retrograde intrarenal surgery\/ureteroscopy or holmium laser enucleation of the prostate were randomized 1:1 to either artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted or physician-led IC. The primary outcome was postintervention anxiety changes, measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-1). Secondary outcomes included IC duration and postoperative quality of recovery (QoR), assessed using the QoR-15. Analysis of covariance was performed to adjust for baseline anxiety differences. Noninferiority was defined as an upper 95% confidence interval (CI) margin of +5 STAI points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After applying the exclusion criteria, a total of 161 patients were included (AI-assisted:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 83; control:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 78). Baseline anxiety scores were higher in the AI-assisted group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). STAI-1 scores decreased significantly in both groups following the IC process (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), with no significant between-group difference in \u0394STAI-1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.533). After adjustment for baseline STAI-1 and STAI-2 scores, postintervention anxiety did not differ between groups (mean difference, 0.26; 95% CI: \u22121.45 to 1.97), confirming noninferiority. The median IC duration was 10 minutes in both groups, although the between-group difference was significant (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.020). The QoR-15 score favored the control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.019).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT-assisted IC is noninferior to conventional physician-led IC in reducing PA without prolonging the IC process. These findings suggest a potential role for large language models as complementary tools within physician-led IC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08927790261473184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:16:27Z","timestamp":1785582987000},"page":"1310-1317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physician-Supervised ChatGPT-Assisted Versus Physician-Led Informed Consent for Reducing Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6287-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yavuz Mert","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4082-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tevfik Erdem","family":"\u00d6zarslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve Sena","family":"Baytar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Necmettin Ayd\u0131n","family":"Mungan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2025.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijso.2020.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06824-1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"CD009445","article-title":"Interventions to promote informed consent for patients undergoing surgical and other invasive healthcare procedures","volume":"2013","author":"Kinnersley P","year":"2013","unstructured":"5.Kinnersley P, , Phillips K, , Savage K, et al. Interventions to promote informed consent for patients undergoing surgical and other invasive healthcare procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2013(7):CD009445.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207619888073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"7.OpenAI. GPT-4 technical report. OpenAI; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2023.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.84226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1543630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y1\u2013Y2)","author":"Spielberger CD","year":"1983","unstructured":"12.Spielberger CD, , Gorsuch RL, , Lushene RE, et al. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y1\u2013Y2). Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto; 1983."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","volume-title":"Durumluk-S\u00fcrekli Kayg\u0131 Envanteri El Kitab\u0131","author":"\u00d6ner N","year":"1985","unstructured":"13.\u00d6ner N, , Le Compte A. Durumluk-S\u00fcrekli Kayg\u0131 Envanteri El Kitab\u0131. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: \u0130stanbul; 1985."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/TJAR.2022.21417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009861.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.854857"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2023.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/73717"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endourology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08927790261473184","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08927790261473184","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08927790261473184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:23:06Z","timestamp":1791588186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08927790261473184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08927790261473184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08927790261473184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0892-7790","1557-900X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0892-7790","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-900X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}