{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:57:27Z","timestamp":1777924647018,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nurs Sci Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Persons with spinal cord injury are at high risk of developing pressure injuries, and their caregivers are in a critical position to help prevent them. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program for caregivers of persons with spinal cord injuries to prevent pressure injuries in Iraq. A pre- and post-test design was used and involved 25 caregivers of persons with spinal cord injury during the acute care phase in an SCI-specific unit of a hospital. A scale and questionnaire were used to gather the participants\u2019 demographic information, pre- and post-educational program knowledge, and observations of their pre- and post-program performance of pressure injury preventive tasks. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were calculated using SPSS (Version 26.0). The educational program effectively increased caregivers\u2019 knowledge and improved pressure injury prevention performance. The findings are discussed from a global nursing perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08943184251388289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:23:17Z","timestamp":1761805397000},"page":"48-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of an Educational Program in Reducing Pressure Injuries in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury in Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Thamer","family":"Saud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4306-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa Jawad","family":"Kadhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Ahmadi Chenari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2155-848X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven L.","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter College, CUNY, NYC, Williston Park, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas N. K. Mohammed W. K. (2019). Nurses\u2019 knowledge toward care of unconscious adult patients at teaching hospitals in Al-Hilla City. (2019). Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties 32(1) 90\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58897\/injns.v32i1.327","DOI":"10.58897\/injns.v32i1.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"Attum B. Hafiz S. Malik A. Shamoonet Z. (2023 July 3). Cultural competence in the care of Muslim patients and their families. StatPearls Publishing. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499933\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumann S. Braddick M. K. (1999). Out of their element: Fathers of children who are \u201cnot-the-same.\u201d Journal of Pediatric Nursing 14(6) 369\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0882-5963(99)80066-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-5963(99)80066-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreer L. E. Elliott T. R. Shewchuk R. Berry J. W. Rivera P. (2007). Family caregivers of persons with spinal cord injury: Predicting caregivers at risk for probable depression. Rehabilitation Psychology 52(3) 351\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0090-5550.52.3.351","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.52.3.351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edsberg L. E. Black J. M. Goldberg M. McNichol L. Moore L. Sieggreen M. (2026). Revised national pressure ulcer advisory panel pressure injury staging system. Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing 43(6) 585\u201397. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WON.0000000000000281","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eljedi A. El-Daharja T. Dukhan N. (2015). Effect of an educational program on a family caregiver\u2019s prevention and management of pressure injuries in bedridden patients after discharge from hospitals in Palestine. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 4(5) 600. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/ijmsph.2015.20012015120","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2015.20012015120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel & Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. (2019). Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers\/injuries: Clinical practice guideline. In E Haesler (Ed.) Quick Reference Guide. The International Guideline 2025 (pp. 1-13). NPIAP. Available from: https:\/\/internationalguideline.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farzan R. Yarali M. Mollaei A. Ghaderi A. Takasi P. Sarafi M. Samidoust P. Mahdiabadi M. Z. Firooz M. Hosseini S. J. Vajargah P. G. Karkhah S. (2023). A systematic review of caregivers\u2019 knowledge and related factors towards pressure ulcer prevention. International Wound Journal 20(8) 3362\u20133370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.14168","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferris A. Price A. Harding K. (2019). Pressure injuries in patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine 33(7) 770\u201382. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269216319846023","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216319846023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingwu J. Nwaordu A. Opara H. Israel O. Ogbogu C. (2019). Caregivers\u2019 knowledge and practice toward pressure ulcer prevention in national orthopedic hospital Enugu Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 22(7) Article 1014. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_413_17","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_413_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari M. Nassehi A. Rafiei H. Taqavi S. Karimi Y. Bardsiri T. I. Bell\u00f3n J. A. (2021). Pressure injury prevention knowledge among family caregivers of patients needing home care. Home Healthcare Now 39(4) 203\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NHH.0000000000000975","DOI":"10.1097\/NHH.0000000000000975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadhim A. J. Khudur K. M. (2021). Effectiveness of an instructional program on nurses\u2019 performance toward unconscious patients\u2019 personal hygiene in intensive care unit at teaching neurosurgical hospital at Baghdad City. Drugs and Cell Therapies in Hematology 10(1) 1522\u20131528. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.58897\/injns.v36i1.653.","DOI":"10.58897\/injns.v36i1.653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch J. Cahalan R. (2017). The impact of spinal cord injury on the quality of life of primary family caregivers: A literature review. 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Bajracharya S. Chaudhary G. P. Pandey J. Kabir M. A. (2022). Caregivers\u2019 knowledge attitude and practice towards pressure injuries in spinal cord injury at rehabilitation center in Bangladesh. 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