{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:21:35Z","timestamp":1777548095401,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,9,1]],"date-time":"1989-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":620611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Dent Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental enamel defects in primary teeth have been found at least twice as frequently in children with cerebral palsy or mental retardation as in control children, and frequently also in children with sensori-neural hearing deficits. The developing tooth germ is sensitive to a range of systemic disturbances, some of which may also affect neurologic development. Because the enamel cannot recover once it is damaged, it may provide a repository of information on the timing and nature of insults potentially affecting other ectodermally derived structures, including the brain. This paper reviews the literature on developmental defects of enamel in primary teeth, asking whether these might be useful as biological markers of the timing and in some cases the nature of insults. Among systemic factors related to development of enamel that might also have implications for neurologic development are certain genetic disorders including tuberous sclerosis, premature birth, neonatal nutritional disturbances (especially hypocalcemia), viral infections (such as rubella and cytomegalovirus during gestation), thyroid disorders, and maternal diabetes. It is concluded that further research is warranted concerning whether developmental defects of dental enamel can be useful markers for the timing of intra-uterine or perinatal events associated with certain neurologic and sensory disorders of children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374890030021101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T19:09:43Z","timestamp":1483643383000},"page":"132-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Developmental Enamel Defects in Primary Teeth in Children with Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, or Hearing Defects: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Oral Disease Prevention Program, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, 5333 Westbard Avenue, Rm. 549, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.B.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroepidemiology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Federal Building, Rm. 8C16, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4803359"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356609026116"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03270090051034"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.46.5.737","volume":"46","author":"Cohen, M.D.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Dean, H.T. (1942): The Investigation of Physiological Effects by the Epidemiological Method. In: Fluorine and Dental Health , F. R. Moulton, Ed. Washington, D.C.: AAAS Publications, pp. 26-28."},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"1543","volume":"61","author":"Deutsch, D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(73)90024-1"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"159","volume":"32","author":"Fdi Commission On Oral Health, Research And Epi-Demiology","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"510","volume":"85","author":"Fejerskov, O.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(80)80031-3"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.30.151.224"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1974.tb01671.x"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"21","volume":"3","author":"Funakoshi, Y.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"245","volume":"31","author":"Gordon, E.J.","year":"1965","journal-title":"NY State Dent J"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"181","volume":"9","author":"Grahnen, H.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Odontol Revy"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"157","volume":"18","author":"Grahn\u00e9n, H.","year":"1967","journal-title":"I. A Clinical Study, Odontol Revy"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"337","volume":"13","author":"Grahnen, H.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Odontol Revy"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"193","volume":"9","author":"Grahnen, H.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Odontol Revy"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000259571"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000259605"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"165","volume":"95","author":"Gruenwald, P.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90247-7"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"133","volume":"36","author":"Gullikson, J.S.","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Dent Child"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"167","volume":"33","author":"Hinrichs, E.H.","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Dent Child"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"476","volume":"102","author":"Hoff, M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"175","volume":"52","author":"Hoff, M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"T Kindergeneeskd"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(75)90158-9"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(74)90095-8"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"940","volume":"21","author":"Jaffe, M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Israel J Med Sci"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345840630011401"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"905","volume":"72","author":"Kraus, B.S.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Ment Defic"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Kraus, B.S. and Jordan, R.E. (1965): The Human Dentition Before Birth, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, pp. 27-38."},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1958.0041"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1939.0041"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80520-8"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4803335"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(79)90009-4"},{"key":"atypb38","first-page":"379","volume":"20","author":"Logan, W.H.G.","year":"1933","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"33","volume":"629","author":"Massler, M.","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09511.x"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"224","volume":"58","author":"McInnes, P.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"38","key":"atypb42","first-page":"60","volume":"63","author":"McMillan, R.S.","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"atypb43","first-page":"93","volume":"106","author":"Miller, J.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80341-6"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198509000-00006"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198704000-00002"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(79)90168-7"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607103150202"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0221-8747(79)90014-6"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80580-X"},{"key":"atypb51","unstructured":"Noren, J.G. (1983): Human Deciduous Enamel in Perinatal Disorders. Morphological and Chemical Aspects, Thesis, Goteborg: University of Goteborg, pp. 1-31."},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09757.x"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357809004661"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)90254-5"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)30979-8"},{"key":"atypb56","first-page":"324","volume":"35","author":"Perlstein, M.A.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med"},{"key":"atypb57","first-page":"218","volume":"7","author":"Pimlott, J.F.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"atypb58","first-page":"123","volume":"32","author":"Pindborg, J.J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90857-X"},{"key":"atypb60","first-page":"342","volume":"31","author":"Rosenstein, S.N.","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Dent Child"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1974.tb02736.x"},{"key":"atypb62","first-page":"279","volume":"113","author":"Rosenzweig, K.R.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"atypb63","first-page":"170","volume":"53","author":"Rushton, M.A.","year":"1933","journal-title":"Dent Rec"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1961.tb00373.x"},{"key":"atypb65","first-page":"1946","volume":"23","author":"Schour, I.","year":"1936","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"atypb66","unstructured":"Scrimshaw, N.S.; Taylor, C.E.; and Gordon, J.E. (1966): Interactions of Nutrition and Infection. In: World Health Organization Monograph No. 57, Geneva: WHO, pp. 120-122."},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1986.tb02979.x"},{"key":"atypb68","first-page":"28","volume":"6","author":"Seow, W.K.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"atypb69","first-page":"221","volume":"9","author":"Seow, W.K.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prematurely Born Children: A Controlled Study, Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(78)90004-0"},{"key":"atypb71","unstructured":"Spouge, J.D. (1973): Oral Pathology, St. Louis: Mosby, pp. 145-165."},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.69.5.646","volume":"69","author":"Stagno, S.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"atypb73","first-page":"843","volume":"34","author":"Stein, G.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Z Stomatol"},{"key":"atypb74","first-page":"831","volume":"33","author":"Stein, G.","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am J Orthodont"},{"key":"atypb75","unstructured":"Stewart, R.E.; Witkop, C.J.; and Bixler, D. (1982): The Dentition. In: Pediatric Dentistry , R.E. Stewart, T.K. Barber, K.C. Troutman, and S.H.Y. Wei, Eds. St. Louis: Mosby, pp. 87-134."},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.3.217"},{"key":"atypb77","first-page":"201","volume":"72","author":"Suckling, G.W.","year":"1976","journal-title":"NZ Dent J"},{"key":"atypb78","unstructured":"Suckling, G.W. and Thurley, D.C. (1984): Developmental Defects of Enamel: Factors Influencing Their Macroscopic Appearance. In: Tooth Enamel IV, R.W. Feamhead and S. Suga, Eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier , pp. 357-362."},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345690480063201"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(66)90094-X"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.1.29"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1978.tb01174.x"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(78)90095-X"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(73)80115-5"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(73)80115-5","volume":"82","author":"Tsang, R.C.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"atypb86","first-page":"336","volume":"31","author":"Vakilzadeh, F.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Haut\u00e4rzt"},{"key":"atypb87","first-page":"137","volume":"94","author":"Via, W.F.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1959.0209"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)91840-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"atypb90","first-page":"72","volume":"27","author":"Watson, A.O.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Dent J Austral"},{"key":"atypb91","first-page":"370","volume":"107","author":"Watson, A.O.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1945.0063","volume":"32","author":"Weinmann, J.P.","year":"1945","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"atypb93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91548-3"},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80519-1"},{"key":"atypb95","unstructured":"Witkop, C.J. and Stewart, R.E. (1982): Amelogenesis Imperfecta. In: Pediatric Dentistry, R.E. Stewart, T.K. Barber, K.C. Troutman, and S.H.Y. Wei, Eds. St. Louis: Mosby, pp. 110-117."},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4588968"}],"container-title":["Advances in Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08959374890030021101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08959374890030021101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:43:12Z","timestamp":1777398192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08959374890030021101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08959374890030021101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08959374890030021101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-9374","1544-0737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-9374","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]}}}