{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:39:02Z","timestamp":1777927142832,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perit Dial Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When a patient on peritoneal dialysis (PD) presents with suspected PD-related peritonitis (e.g. cloudy PD fluid and abdominal pain), one of the most important initial aspects of management is for the nephrology nurse\/home dialysis nurse to collect PD effluent specimens for white blood cells count, Gram stain, culture and sensitivity for inspection and to send for laboratory testing before antibiotics are started. A review by seven members of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) Nursing Committee of all 133 questions posted to the ISPD website \u2018Questions about PD\u2019 over the last 4 years (January 2018\u2013December 2021), revealed 97 posted by nephrology nurses from around the world. Of these 97 questions, 10 were noted to be related to best practices for PD effluent specimen collection. For our review, we focused on these 10 questions along with their responses by the members of the ISPD \u2018Ask The Experts Team\u2019, whereby existing best practice recommendations were considered, if available, relevant literature was cited and differences in international practice discussed. We revised the original responses for clarity and updated the references. We found that these 10 questions were quite varied but could be organised into four categories: how to collect PD effluent safely; how to proceed with PD effluent collection; how to collect PD effluent for assessment; and how to proceed with follow-up PD effluent collection after intraperitoneal antibiotics have been started. In general, we found that there was limited evidence in the PD literature to answer several of these 10 questions posted to the ISPD website \u2018Questions about PD\u2019 by nephrology nurses from around the world on this important clinical topic of best practices for PD effluent specimen collection. Some of these questions were also not addressed in the latest ISPD Peritonitis Guidelines. Moreover, when polling members of our ISPD Nursing Committee we found when answering a few of these questions, nursing practice varied within and among countries. We encourage PD nurses to conduct their own research on this important topic, focusing on areas where research evidence is lacking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221136389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T06:04:30Z","timestamp":1670393070000},"page":"442-447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PD effluent specimen collection: Your questions answered"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8555-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana E","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Life, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegra, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Bowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kings College Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine Sau Fan","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Innovation & Business Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, University of Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna Lee","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Healthcare, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5163-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Brunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221080586"},{"key":"bibr2-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr3-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.12.020"},{"key":"bibr4-08968608221136389","unstructured":"United States Department of Labor (USDL). Occupational Safety and Health Administration \u2013 bloodborne pathogens and needlestick prevention, https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/bloodborne-pathogens\/hazards (accessed 6 April 2022)."},{"key":"bibr5-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr6-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00009-19"},{"key":"bibr7-08968608221136389","unstructured":"Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinician guide for collecting cultures. Atlanta: Center of Disease Control and Prevention, http:\/\/medbox.iiab.me\/modules\/en-cdc\/www.cdc.gov\/getsmart\/healthcare\/implementation\/clinicianguide.html (2015, updated April 2015)."},{"key":"bibr8-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13101"},{"key":"bibr9-08968608221136389","first-page":"72","volume":"154","author":"Mishkin GJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"key":"bibr10-08968608221136389","first-page":"97","volume":"154","author":"Cruz DN","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr11-08968608221136389","first-page":"S14","volume":"34","author":"Clere J","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"bibr12-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1561-5413(09)60164-2"},{"key":"bibr13-08968608221136389","first-page":"148","volume":"6","author":"Richmond D","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adv Perit Dial"},{"key":"bibr14-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.824566"},{"key":"bibr15-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157870"},{"key":"bibr16-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.05.036"},{"key":"bibr17-08968608221136389","first-page":"161","volume":"18","author":"Diaz-Buxo JA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Perit Dial"},{"key":"bibr18-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089701700621"},{"key":"bibr19-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.01.044"},{"key":"bibr20-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.21.204"},{"key":"bibr21-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(85)80105-0"},{"key":"bibr22-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09190620"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr23-08968608221136389","first-page":"332","volume":"5","author":"Najafi I","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Kidney Dis (IJKD)"},{"key":"bibr24-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.01.010"},{"key":"bibr25-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2014.00268"},{"key":"bibr26-08968608221136389","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"Pangonis SF","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"bibr27-08968608221136389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00790-X"}],"container-title":["Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08968608221136389","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08968608221136389","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08968608221136389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:36:00Z","timestamp":1777674960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08968608221136389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08968608221136389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08968608221136389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-8608","1718-4304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-8608","type":"print"},{"value":"1718-4304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]}}}