{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:41:08Z","timestamp":1777927268642,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015699","name":"Fresenius Medical Care North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perit Dial Int"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peritonitis is a severe complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD), necessitating prompt diagnosis and treatment. A key diagnostic indicator is elevated white blood cells (WBC) in spent PD effluent. Laboratory-based WBC testing can be slow, costly, and infrastructure-dependent, potentially delaying treatment. Urine dipsticks, commonly used for urinary tract infections, include a leukocyte esterase (LE) test that may serve as a rapid and low-cost point-of-care alternative. We evaluated the effectiveness of using an LE test of urine dipsticks to detect WBC in PD effluent for diagnosing PD-associated peritonitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research comprised a clinical and a laboratory part. Clinically, we analyzed data from Khartoum, Sudan, where LE dipsticks are routinely given to PD patients for point-of-care testing of PD effluent. In a laboratory, we compared dipstick results with WBC counts in stored, freeze\u2013thawed PD effluents from Australia and the United States, and evaluated smartphone imaging of dipstick coloration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical evaluation comprised 56 pediatric PD patients providing 530 PD effluent samples. Dipstick LE testing of freshly collected effluents demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for peritonitis diagnosis. In the laboratory study, testing of 352 freeze\u2013thawed PD effluents showed reduced sensitivity (78%) and specificity (95%) after 1 month of refrigerator storage. Smartphone imaging reliably supported visual inspection and enabled semi-quantitative color assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When used on freshly collected PD effluents, the LE test on urine dipsticks is a rapid, reliable, and affordable tool for diagnosing PD-associated peritonitis. This approach is particularly valuable in low-resource settings, home-based care, and telehealth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608261434277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:42:15Z","timestamp":1776692535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of common urine leukocyte dipsticks for diagnosing peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Rasha","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, Fresenius Medical Care, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Soba University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Grobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, Fresenius Medical Care, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahla","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"},{"name":"Al-Neelain University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed EO","family":"Yousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"},{"name":"University of Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Abdelkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashid A","family":"Ellidir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yassir","family":"Bakhiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed BA","family":"Elfakky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El Tigani M","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soba University Hospital"},{"name":"University of Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa Haizel","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisk University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisk University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kieran Trelawn","family":"Mulroney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia"},{"name":"The University of Western Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Chakera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia"},{"name":"The University of Western Australia"},{"name":"Curtin School of Population Health and Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kotanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"},{"name":"Clinical Research, Renal Research Institute, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, Fresenius Medical Care, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2016.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221080586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/C69RW1BT7E4QAFPV"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Urinalysis: a comprehensive review","volume":"71","author":"Simerville JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. 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