{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:30:28Z","timestamp":1786973428456,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Simergent"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perit Dial Int"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) systems are used in the home and operated by patients or their care partners, the human\u2013device interface must be thoughtfully designed to facilitate intuitive operation to reduce the risk of errors that could occur during their use. User-friendly design should also help reduce anxiety to peritoneal dialysis (PD) adoption by patients incident to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Usability issues remain a significant barrier to PD adoption and are an important contributor to premature death, serious injuries, and PD technique failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A summative human factors usability study was conducted on a novel, gravity-based APD device (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Archimedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2122) with 15 current or former PD patients and 15 dialysis nurses. Participants were trained for 2\u2005h, followed by a training decay period, then evaluated with critical Use Scenario tasks consisting of Simulated Use tasks and Knowledge tasks reflecting tasks that could result in patient harm if performed incorrectly.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the Simulated Use tasks evaluated, 97.3% were deemed successful across all users. This high success rate demonstrates the effectiveness of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Archimedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      APD device in facilitating the tasks required for PD. For patients, success outcomes were achieved in 96.8% of Simulated Use tasks. Nurses achieved a success rate of 97.8% for Simulated Use tasks evaluated. For Knowledge tasks, success outcomes were achieved in 99.3% and 98.6% of tasks for patients and nurses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this summative human factors usability study, the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Archimedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      APD system usability was found to be safe, accessible and easy for its intended users and use environments after the relatively short training period compared to the status quo.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608261476545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:00:20Z","timestamp":1786719620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human factors testing in a novel automated peritoneal dialysis system"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nupur","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9119-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A","family":"Sloand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University"},{"name":"Simergent LLC, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Pendergraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simergent LLC, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve J","family":"Lindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simergent LLC, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04810512"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00623-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0004762021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2016.00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2054358120975545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000375"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089686081403400401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Automated cyclers used in peritoneal dialysis: technical aspects for the clinician","volume":"8","author":"Chaudry R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaudry R, Golper T. Automated cyclers used in peritoneal dialysis: technical aspects for the clinician. Med Devices (Auckl) 2015; 8: 95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"IEC 60601-1-6 Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral standard: Usability. International Electrotechnical Commission. Edition 3.2;2020-07."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"IEC 60601-2-39 Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-39: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of peritoneal dialysis equipment. International Electrotechnical Commission. Edition 3.0;2018-04."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/humanfactors.4570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"ISO 14971 Medical devices\u2014application of risk management to medical devices. International Organization for Standards. Edition 3; 2019-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Applying human factors and usability engineering to medical devices \u2013 Guidance for industry and Food and Drug Administration staff. 2016; https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/80481\/download"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"IEC 62366-1 Medical devices \u2013 Part 1: Application of usability engineering to medical devices. International Electrotechnical Commission. Edition 1;2015-02."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindo S Pendergraft R Henderson J et al. Rheologic & Fill\/Drain pressure differences between a novel gravity-Based Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Cycler (APD) and conventional pump-based cyclers. 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