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Treatment options for acute PE include fibrinolytics, surgical embolectomy, catheter-directed treatment, or vena cava filter placement as well as traditional parenteral anticoagulants, used alone or as a bridge to a vitamin K antagonist (VKA). The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) rivaroxaban and apixaban allow for single drug therapy, eliminating the need for initial parenteral anticoagulation, while dabigatran and edoxaban are initiated after a short course of parenteral therapy. The DOACs serve as a viable alternative to warfarin for chronic management for PE. Pulmonary embolism provoked from transient risk factors often requires a short-term course of anticoagulation (3 months). Unprovoked events, and those that occur in the presence of continuing risk factors such as cancer, or clinical markers such as residual vein thrombosis and elevated d-dimers can predict a higher risk of recurrent events and warrant extended anticoagulation. This review evaluates current recommendations for the treatment of PE, including dosing strategies, duration of therapy, and special populations such as renal impairment, malignancy, and obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190015615901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T20:58:51Z","timestamp":1448053131000},"page":"35-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Critical Review and Update on the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pulmonary Embolism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Antithrombosis Clinic, University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Snehal H.","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0897190015615901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000130"},{"key":"bibr2-0897190015615901","unstructured":"Deep Vein Thrombosis\/Pulmonary Embolism Data and Statistics. 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