{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:24:25Z","timestamp":1785583465785,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To review primary literature of gastric acid suppressive agents and vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From the published articles, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with a higher risk of inducing vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency than histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs). Literature suggests that there is an increased risk of developing vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency in patients who are exposed to extended durations of therapy with PPIs. There are, however, some conflicting data in elderly patients suggesting that the PPI use for more than 3 years does not increase the risk of vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency. No evidence was found to support the extended use of H2RA monotherapy causing vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency. The inconsistency of results reported could be due to the differing patient populations studied, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) and elderly patients. Overall, the lack of consistent evidence shows the need for more research in this area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the clinical significance of vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency caused by acid suppression with PPIs and H2RAs, longer prospective studies are needed. These studies should focus on patient-centered outcomes to accurately determine the extended usage of PPI and H2RA and the true effects on vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190016663092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T22:48:27Z","timestamp":1471042107000},"page":"639-642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Drug-Induced Vitamin B\n                    <sub>12<\/sub>\n                    Deficiency: A Focus on Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine-2 Antagonists"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Linder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PGY-2 Psychiatric Pharmacy Residency, Charleston, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Tamboue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PGY-1 Pharmacy Practice Residency, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"bibr1-0897190016663092","first-page":"979","volume":"67","author":"Oh R","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr2-0897190016663092","first-page":"537","volume":"56","author":"Andres E","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"bibr3-0897190016663092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5226"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr4-0897190016663092","first-page":"1425","volume":"83","author":"Langan 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