{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:54:35Z","timestamp":1777859675818,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Two Food and Drug Administration-approved programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, nivolumab (Opdivo\u00ae), and pembrolizumab (Keytruda\u00ae), are indicated for treatment-resistant malignancies. Inhibition of PD-1 also inhibits T-cell peripheral tolerance, enhancing autoimmunity. Various autoimmune conditions have been reported with the use of these agents, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This article reviews literature regarding the development of T1DM in patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors and identifies strategies for the appropriate identification, monitoring, and follow-up of these patients. Published cases of T1DM related to PD-1 inhibitor therapy were identified using PubMed. Eighty-three identified publications were reviewed, of which 37 publications involving 42 cases of anti-PD-1 therapy-induced T1DM were identified. The average age of patients at presentation was 62 years and 59.5% were male. The mean number of PD-1 inhibitor doses received was 5, with a mean time to presentation of 11 weeks. Initial presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis was reported in 69% of cases, with an average blood glucose of 660 mg\/dL and an average HbA\n                    <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 8.7%. The exact mechanism PD-1 inhibitor therapy-induced T1DM is unknown. Blood glucose monitoring is recommended for all patients receiving anti-PD-1 therapy. Further research is needed to delineate the frequency of this adverse effect, as well as to evaluate potential risk factors and ideal management strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190019850929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T23:42:31Z","timestamp":1562197351000},"page":"133-140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Programmed Cell Death-1 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle A.","family":"Farina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0897190019850929","unstructured":"Cancer Facts and Figures. 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